BBH 451 PSU Exam 2 Questions and
Correct Answers
What was the initial use of cocaine? ✅Indigenous South American use
Coca leaf
Chewed
What was the initial use of cocaine in the Western Cultures? ✅Local anesthetic
Injection local for injury
Topical anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, nerve blocks (until Novacane was developed)
What kind of drug is cocaine? ✅Psychostimulant
What is a psychostimulant? ✅drug that exerts behavioral effects by augmenting the
action of the monoamine neurotransmitters, the most important DOPAMINE
Daily dose of cocaine when administered by chewing coca leaves (indigenous) ✅200
mg over the entire day
What was cocaine added into in the late 1800s? ✅Became a popular additive in wine
and soft drinks (boost mood and energy)
What was the psychological use used by Sigmund Freud for cocaine? ✅Advocated the
use of cocaine to treat depression and to alleviate chronic fatigue
Drug that could cure opiod (morphine and heroine) addiction
RElieve depression (lasting euphoria)
What was considered the "Third Scourge" of humanity? ✅Alochol + Heroine + Cocaine
Describe the restricted use in the early 1900s of cocaine? ✅1910: Public Enemy
Number ONe and the Harrison Narcotic Act banned the incorporation of cocaine into
patient medicines and beverages
Decreased use during 1930s (replaced by amphetamines)
,Crack epidemic ✅1970s-1980s: New epidemic of cocaine use began with widespread
availability of CRACK cocaine
Could inhale/smoke!
Describe the Physiological effects of cocaine ✅Musculature (move quicker)
Heart (increase heartbeat -- hypertension)
Blood vessels (decrease blood vessel size)
Lungs (open lung passages)
Body temperature (increase)
Sympathetic actions - mimicking the sympathetic actions
Who is at extreme risk with cocaine use? ✅Those at risk for heart attack - can cause
death!
Describe the psychological effects of cocaine use ✅Increased alertness
Immediate euphoria
Giddiness
Enhanced self-consciousness
Forceful boastfulness
Decreased appetite
Become very talkative and incoherent
What is a psychological effect of toxic levels of cocaine use? ✅Formication: bugs
crawling all over and under skin
Paranoia and aggression
Accidental suicide
With what drug is formication best known to be associated with (at toxic levels)?
✅Cocaine
What are the three prominent actins that account for all effects with cocaine use? ✅1.
Potential local anesthetic
2. Vasoconstrictor
3. Psycho-stimulant
How does cocaine work as a local anesthetic? ✅Good at blocking sodium ions -->
block transmission (if block transmission at local injury - do not feel pain)
What can be an effective use of vasoconstrictor effect of cocaine use for surgery?
✅Vasoconstriction - reduce bleeding
,What four molecules are shown in the slide "Structure of Cocaine and Local
Anesthetics" ✅Cocaine
Benzocaine
Procaine (Novacaine)
Lidocaine
Also + and - forms
Describe the coca leaf cocaine form ✅Indigenous tribes in S. America
Leaves are chewed
Slow release
Addiction unclear
Relieve work conditions
tongue numb
Slower administration of 200 mg
Social structure - incorporated into daily life
Describe Cocaine Hydrochloride (HCL) ✅aka Beam, Big Flake, Blow, C, etc.
Paste from leaves which is dissolved and treated with HCL to precipitate relatively pure
drug
Water soluble - can be injected intravanously
Cocaine decomposes when it is heated and is destroyed at the temperature of smoke -
unsuitable of smoking
More effective for euphoria
What is the common intake strategies for HCL? ✅snorted or injected
How many mg of cocaine in single administration of HCL ✅50-100 mg in a single
administration (instant)
What is the freebase form of cocaine? ✅Crack
Describe Crack Cocaine ✅aka Base, beat bones, crazy, 8ths, Grit, Moonrock,
Monsters, Roxanne, Ultimate
Soluble in alcohol, acetone or ether (crackling noise when heated)
More effective than HCl salt
, Smoked
Which form of cocaine is water soluble? ✅HCl
Which form of cocaine is alcohol, acetone or ether soluble? ✅Crack
Which form of cocaine is insoluble in water? ✅Crack
Why is crack considered more effective than HCl? ✅Ease of passage into circulatory
system
The drug may reach the brain within 10 seconds
***** 60-90% reaching circulation!!
Is HCl more acidic or basic? ✅acidic
What are the new drug combinations from cocaine? ✅Levamisol (antiworming for
cattle...) and "wet" (fermaldihyde)
What was the possession debate with HCl vs freebase crack? ✅More people worried
about freebase form
(same component just how prepared...)
Disconnect that they are both cocaine
More time in jail if had crack
Pharmacokinetics:
What are the modes of absorption for cocaine? ✅oral (chewing E. coca leaves)
intranasal (snorting)
intravenous (injection)
inhalation (smoking)
What is the distribution of cocaine? ✅Penetrates the brain rapidly and far exceed the
concentrations in plasma, but after penetrates brain, it is rapidly redistributed to other
tissues - freely crosses blood brain barrier to fetus
**** PENETRATES QUICKLY
Cocaine Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism ✅- 1/2 life: 50 minutes
- Primarily by butyrylcholinesterase enzymes in the liver and circulatory
- Major metabolite: Benzoylecgoine (longer half-life; measured longer in urine)
Correct Answers
What was the initial use of cocaine? ✅Indigenous South American use
Coca leaf
Chewed
What was the initial use of cocaine in the Western Cultures? ✅Local anesthetic
Injection local for injury
Topical anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, nerve blocks (until Novacane was developed)
What kind of drug is cocaine? ✅Psychostimulant
What is a psychostimulant? ✅drug that exerts behavioral effects by augmenting the
action of the monoamine neurotransmitters, the most important DOPAMINE
Daily dose of cocaine when administered by chewing coca leaves (indigenous) ✅200
mg over the entire day
What was cocaine added into in the late 1800s? ✅Became a popular additive in wine
and soft drinks (boost mood and energy)
What was the psychological use used by Sigmund Freud for cocaine? ✅Advocated the
use of cocaine to treat depression and to alleviate chronic fatigue
Drug that could cure opiod (morphine and heroine) addiction
RElieve depression (lasting euphoria)
What was considered the "Third Scourge" of humanity? ✅Alochol + Heroine + Cocaine
Describe the restricted use in the early 1900s of cocaine? ✅1910: Public Enemy
Number ONe and the Harrison Narcotic Act banned the incorporation of cocaine into
patient medicines and beverages
Decreased use during 1930s (replaced by amphetamines)
,Crack epidemic ✅1970s-1980s: New epidemic of cocaine use began with widespread
availability of CRACK cocaine
Could inhale/smoke!
Describe the Physiological effects of cocaine ✅Musculature (move quicker)
Heart (increase heartbeat -- hypertension)
Blood vessels (decrease blood vessel size)
Lungs (open lung passages)
Body temperature (increase)
Sympathetic actions - mimicking the sympathetic actions
Who is at extreme risk with cocaine use? ✅Those at risk for heart attack - can cause
death!
Describe the psychological effects of cocaine use ✅Increased alertness
Immediate euphoria
Giddiness
Enhanced self-consciousness
Forceful boastfulness
Decreased appetite
Become very talkative and incoherent
What is a psychological effect of toxic levels of cocaine use? ✅Formication: bugs
crawling all over and under skin
Paranoia and aggression
Accidental suicide
With what drug is formication best known to be associated with (at toxic levels)?
✅Cocaine
What are the three prominent actins that account for all effects with cocaine use? ✅1.
Potential local anesthetic
2. Vasoconstrictor
3. Psycho-stimulant
How does cocaine work as a local anesthetic? ✅Good at blocking sodium ions -->
block transmission (if block transmission at local injury - do not feel pain)
What can be an effective use of vasoconstrictor effect of cocaine use for surgery?
✅Vasoconstriction - reduce bleeding
,What four molecules are shown in the slide "Structure of Cocaine and Local
Anesthetics" ✅Cocaine
Benzocaine
Procaine (Novacaine)
Lidocaine
Also + and - forms
Describe the coca leaf cocaine form ✅Indigenous tribes in S. America
Leaves are chewed
Slow release
Addiction unclear
Relieve work conditions
tongue numb
Slower administration of 200 mg
Social structure - incorporated into daily life
Describe Cocaine Hydrochloride (HCL) ✅aka Beam, Big Flake, Blow, C, etc.
Paste from leaves which is dissolved and treated with HCL to precipitate relatively pure
drug
Water soluble - can be injected intravanously
Cocaine decomposes when it is heated and is destroyed at the temperature of smoke -
unsuitable of smoking
More effective for euphoria
What is the common intake strategies for HCL? ✅snorted or injected
How many mg of cocaine in single administration of HCL ✅50-100 mg in a single
administration (instant)
What is the freebase form of cocaine? ✅Crack
Describe Crack Cocaine ✅aka Base, beat bones, crazy, 8ths, Grit, Moonrock,
Monsters, Roxanne, Ultimate
Soluble in alcohol, acetone or ether (crackling noise when heated)
More effective than HCl salt
, Smoked
Which form of cocaine is water soluble? ✅HCl
Which form of cocaine is alcohol, acetone or ether soluble? ✅Crack
Which form of cocaine is insoluble in water? ✅Crack
Why is crack considered more effective than HCl? ✅Ease of passage into circulatory
system
The drug may reach the brain within 10 seconds
***** 60-90% reaching circulation!!
Is HCl more acidic or basic? ✅acidic
What are the new drug combinations from cocaine? ✅Levamisol (antiworming for
cattle...) and "wet" (fermaldihyde)
What was the possession debate with HCl vs freebase crack? ✅More people worried
about freebase form
(same component just how prepared...)
Disconnect that they are both cocaine
More time in jail if had crack
Pharmacokinetics:
What are the modes of absorption for cocaine? ✅oral (chewing E. coca leaves)
intranasal (snorting)
intravenous (injection)
inhalation (smoking)
What is the distribution of cocaine? ✅Penetrates the brain rapidly and far exceed the
concentrations in plasma, but after penetrates brain, it is rapidly redistributed to other
tissues - freely crosses blood brain barrier to fetus
**** PENETRATES QUICKLY
Cocaine Pharmacokinetics:
Metabolism ✅- 1/2 life: 50 minutes
- Primarily by butyrylcholinesterase enzymes in the liver and circulatory
- Major metabolite: Benzoylecgoine (longer half-life; measured longer in urine)
