Test Bank For Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 8th Edition
(Nelson, 2022), Chapter 1-28 | 9781319228002 | All Chapters
with Answers and Rationals
genome - ANSWER: all the genetic information encoded in a cell or virus
the complete set of DNA in an organism
- Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own genome
- Viruses can have DNA or RNA
genomics - ANSWER: a science devoted broadly to the understanding of cellular and organism
genomes
- study of DNA on a cellular scale
systems biology - ANSWER: the study of complex biochemical systems, integrating information from
genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics
- study of biochem on the scale of whole cells and organisms
cloning - ANSWER: the production of large numbers of identical DNA molecules, cells, or organisms
from a single, ancestral DNA molecule, cell, or organism
- separate the gene from the larger chromosome, attach it to a much smaller piece of carrier DNA,
and allow microorganisms to make many copies of it
Five GENERAL procedures of cloning DNA: - ANSWER: 1) obtaining the DNA segment to be cloned
2) selecting a small molecule of DNA capable of autonomous replication (cloning vectors)
3) link two DNA fragments covalently
4) moving recombinant DNA from the test tube to a host organism
5) selecting or identifying host cells that contain recombinant DNA
- OSLMI "obtain - select - join - move - identify"
cloning vector - ANSWER: a DNA molecule known to replicate autonomously in a host cell, to which a
segment of DNA may be spliced to allow its replication in a cell; for example, a plasmid or an artificial
chromosome
- vector = carrier or delivery agent
- generally has features that allow the host cells to survive in an environment in which cells lacking the
vector would die
steps of yielding recombinant DNA: - ANSWER: 1) restriction endonucleases cleave DNA
2) DNA ligases link fragment to cloning vector
3) cloning vector introduced into a host cell
DNA ligase - ANSWER: enzymes that create a phosphodiester bond between the 3' end of one DNA
segment and the 5' end of another
- links cloning vector to the DNA fragment being cloned
- joins two DNA molecules or fragments
- catalyzes the formation of new phosphodiester bonds in a reaction that uses ATP or a similar
cofactor
recombinant DNA - ANSWER: DNA formed by the joining of genes into new combinations
- composite DNA molecule comprising covalently linked segments from two or more sources
genetic engineering - ANSWER: any process by which genetic material, particularly DNA, is altered by
a molecular biologist
, restriction endonucleases - ANSWER: site-specific endonucleases that cleave both strands of DNA at
points in or near the specific site recognized by the enzyme; important tools in genetic engineering
- enzyme that cleaves genomic DNA into smaller fragments suitable for cloning
- recognize and cleave foreign DNA
advantages of E. Coli in DNA cloning: - ANSWER: - DNA metabolism is well understood
- many cloning vectors associated E. Coli are readily available
- techniques are available for moving DNA quickly from one E. Coli to another
nine enzymes of recombinant DNA technology: - ANSWER: 1) type II restriction endonucleases
2) DNA ligase
3) DNA polymerase I (E. Coli)
4) reverse transcriptase
5) polynucleotide kinase
6) terminal transferase
7) exonuclease III
8) bacteriophage lambda exonuclease
9) alkaline phosphatase
- RLPRPkTtEBleAp - "restriction - ligase - polymerase - reverse - polynucleotide kinase - terminal
transferase - exonuclease 3 - Bacteriophage lambda exonuclease - alkaline phosphatase
type II restriction endonucleases - ANSWER: cleave DNA molecules at specific base sequences
- simpler than type 1 and 3
- require no ATP
- catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of particular phosphodiester bonds in the DNA within the
recognition sequence itself
sticky ends - ANSWER: single stranded ends of DNA left after cutting in a staggered manner by
restriction enzymes
- can be generated by the combined action of the bacteriophage lambda exonuclease and terminal
transferase
blunt ends - ANSWER: fragment ends of a DNA molecule that are fully base paired, resulting from
cleavage by a restriction enzyme
- ligated less efficiently than sticky ends
DNA polymerase I (E. Coli) - ANSWER: fills gaps in duplexes by stepwise addition to 3' ends
reverse transcriptase - ANSWER: makes a DNA copy of an RNA molecule
- RNA -> DNA
polynucleotide kinase - ANSWER: adds a phosphate to the 5' -OH end of an polynucleotide to label it
or to permit ligation
terminal transferase - ANSWER: adds homopolymer tails to the 3' -OH ends of a linear duplex
Exonuclease III - ANSWER: removes nucleotide residues from the 3' ends of a DNA strand
bacteriophage lambda exonuclease - ANSWER: removes nucleotides from the 5' ends of a duplex to
expose single-stranded 3' ends
alkaline phosphatase - ANSWER: removes terminal phosphates from the 5' end or 3' or both
restriction-modification system - ANSWER: a paired enzyme system, generally in bacteria, that will
either cleave (restrict) invading viral DNA at a particular sequence or methylate (modify) one or more
nucleotides within the same sequence where it occurs in the host chromosome, so as to avoid
chromosome cleavage
(Nelson, 2022), Chapter 1-28 | 9781319228002 | All Chapters
with Answers and Rationals
genome - ANSWER: all the genetic information encoded in a cell or virus
the complete set of DNA in an organism
- Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own genome
- Viruses can have DNA or RNA
genomics - ANSWER: a science devoted broadly to the understanding of cellular and organism
genomes
- study of DNA on a cellular scale
systems biology - ANSWER: the study of complex biochemical systems, integrating information from
genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics
- study of biochem on the scale of whole cells and organisms
cloning - ANSWER: the production of large numbers of identical DNA molecules, cells, or organisms
from a single, ancestral DNA molecule, cell, or organism
- separate the gene from the larger chromosome, attach it to a much smaller piece of carrier DNA,
and allow microorganisms to make many copies of it
Five GENERAL procedures of cloning DNA: - ANSWER: 1) obtaining the DNA segment to be cloned
2) selecting a small molecule of DNA capable of autonomous replication (cloning vectors)
3) link two DNA fragments covalently
4) moving recombinant DNA from the test tube to a host organism
5) selecting or identifying host cells that contain recombinant DNA
- OSLMI "obtain - select - join - move - identify"
cloning vector - ANSWER: a DNA molecule known to replicate autonomously in a host cell, to which a
segment of DNA may be spliced to allow its replication in a cell; for example, a plasmid or an artificial
chromosome
- vector = carrier or delivery agent
- generally has features that allow the host cells to survive in an environment in which cells lacking the
vector would die
steps of yielding recombinant DNA: - ANSWER: 1) restriction endonucleases cleave DNA
2) DNA ligases link fragment to cloning vector
3) cloning vector introduced into a host cell
DNA ligase - ANSWER: enzymes that create a phosphodiester bond between the 3' end of one DNA
segment and the 5' end of another
- links cloning vector to the DNA fragment being cloned
- joins two DNA molecules or fragments
- catalyzes the formation of new phosphodiester bonds in a reaction that uses ATP or a similar
cofactor
recombinant DNA - ANSWER: DNA formed by the joining of genes into new combinations
- composite DNA molecule comprising covalently linked segments from two or more sources
genetic engineering - ANSWER: any process by which genetic material, particularly DNA, is altered by
a molecular biologist
, restriction endonucleases - ANSWER: site-specific endonucleases that cleave both strands of DNA at
points in or near the specific site recognized by the enzyme; important tools in genetic engineering
- enzyme that cleaves genomic DNA into smaller fragments suitable for cloning
- recognize and cleave foreign DNA
advantages of E. Coli in DNA cloning: - ANSWER: - DNA metabolism is well understood
- many cloning vectors associated E. Coli are readily available
- techniques are available for moving DNA quickly from one E. Coli to another
nine enzymes of recombinant DNA technology: - ANSWER: 1) type II restriction endonucleases
2) DNA ligase
3) DNA polymerase I (E. Coli)
4) reverse transcriptase
5) polynucleotide kinase
6) terminal transferase
7) exonuclease III
8) bacteriophage lambda exonuclease
9) alkaline phosphatase
- RLPRPkTtEBleAp - "restriction - ligase - polymerase - reverse - polynucleotide kinase - terminal
transferase - exonuclease 3 - Bacteriophage lambda exonuclease - alkaline phosphatase
type II restriction endonucleases - ANSWER: cleave DNA molecules at specific base sequences
- simpler than type 1 and 3
- require no ATP
- catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of particular phosphodiester bonds in the DNA within the
recognition sequence itself
sticky ends - ANSWER: single stranded ends of DNA left after cutting in a staggered manner by
restriction enzymes
- can be generated by the combined action of the bacteriophage lambda exonuclease and terminal
transferase
blunt ends - ANSWER: fragment ends of a DNA molecule that are fully base paired, resulting from
cleavage by a restriction enzyme
- ligated less efficiently than sticky ends
DNA polymerase I (E. Coli) - ANSWER: fills gaps in duplexes by stepwise addition to 3' ends
reverse transcriptase - ANSWER: makes a DNA copy of an RNA molecule
- RNA -> DNA
polynucleotide kinase - ANSWER: adds a phosphate to the 5' -OH end of an polynucleotide to label it
or to permit ligation
terminal transferase - ANSWER: adds homopolymer tails to the 3' -OH ends of a linear duplex
Exonuclease III - ANSWER: removes nucleotide residues from the 3' ends of a DNA strand
bacteriophage lambda exonuclease - ANSWER: removes nucleotides from the 5' ends of a duplex to
expose single-stranded 3' ends
alkaline phosphatase - ANSWER: removes terminal phosphates from the 5' end or 3' or both
restriction-modification system - ANSWER: a paired enzyme system, generally in bacteria, that will
either cleave (restrict) invading viral DNA at a particular sequence or methylate (modify) one or more
nucleotides within the same sequence where it occurs in the host chromosome, so as to avoid
chromosome cleavage
