Pathophysiology Exam 1 Practice
Problems
A patient is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of his liver.
Adaptation to the reduced size of the liver leads to ___________ of the remaining liver
cells.
A. Metaplasia
B. Organ atrophy
C. Compensatory hyperplasia
D. Physiologic hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS-C
An older adult patient comes to the clinic complaining of not being able to do what he
used to be able to. You know that normal changes associated with aging include:
(Select all that apply.)
A. Improved blood flow
B. Slowed metabolic rate
C. Decreased brain weight
D. Improved nerve fiber conduction
E. Less respiratory capacity - CORRECT ANSWERS-B, C, E
A 20-year-old college student has presented to her campus medical clinic for a
scheduled Pap smear. The clinician who will interpret the smear will examine cell
samples for evidence of:
A. Changes in cell shape, size, and organization
B. Presence of unexpected cell types
C. Ischemic changes in cell sample
D. Abnormally high numbers of cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-A
The parents of a 4-year-old girl have sought care because their daughter has admitted
to chewing and swallowing imported toy figurines that have been determined to be
made of lead. Which of the following blood tests should the care team prioritize?
A. White blood cell levels with differential
B. Red blood cell levels and morphology
C. Urea and creatinine levels
D. Liver function panel - CORRECT ANSWERS-B
Lead -> anemia, RBC lysis
,You know it's not A because there is no infection involved. C is focused on kidney
function while D is focused on liver function. Both of these would be important in the
case of lead poisoning BUT the priority answer is B, because you need first to address
the most life-threatening patient needs. The little girl in this question can go into shock
or suffer permanent organ damage if her RBCs are low.
A patient with severe peripheral vascular disease has developed signs of dry gangrene
on the great toe of one foot. Which of the following pathophysiologic processes most
likely contributed to this diagnosis?
A. Inappropriate activation of apoptosis
B. Bacterial invasion
C. Impaired arterial blood supply
D. Metaplastic cellular changes - CORRECT ANSWERS-B
Remember that it's not C because to have gangrene, you must have infection
Although stress exposure initiates integrated responses by multiple systems, the most
important changes are first activated by which system?
A. Pulmonary
B. Gastrointestinal
C. Neuroendocrine
D. Cardiovascular - CORRECT ANSWERS-C
Which manifestation of stress reflects the non-specific fight or flight response?
A. Decreased pupillary light response
B. Increased GI motility
C. Decreased short-term memory
D. Increased cardiopulmonary rates - CORRECT ANSWERS-D
This would fall under physiologic responses to stress!! Slide 25 in your lecture
powerpoint
Stress-induced cortisol hormone secretion is associated with:
A. Increased growth hormone level
B. Regulation of the stress response
C. Increased thyroid-stimulating hormone
D. Depressed adrenal gland function - CORRECT ANSWERS-B
You know it's not A because I mentioned in an earlier slide that growth hormone levels
decrease with stress. We didn't mention thyroid-stimulating hormone as one of the ones
associated with the stress repsonse so you can pretty much assume that's not right.
, And we know adrenal function is not depressed because ACTH from the anterior
pituitary stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol.
Which of the following factors are known to contribute to an individual's ability to adapt
to stress? (Select all that apply.)
A. Ethnicity
B. Age
C. Socioeconomic status
D. Gender
E. Health status - CORRECT ANSWERS-B, C, D, E
"Ability to adapt to stress" = mediating factors! Slide 28 of this powerpoint
Two people experience the same stressor yet only one is able to cope and adapt
adequately. An example of the person with an increased capacity to adapt is the one
with:
A. A sense of purpose in life
B. Circadian rhythm disruption
C. Age-related renal dysfunction
D. Excessive weight gain or loss - CORRECT ANSWERS-A
Back to mediating factors. Which of these things do you think would help a person deal
with stress? Disruption in sleep cycle (B) will definitely not help, age-related renal
dysfunction (C) is an indicator of poor health status which also would not help, and
excessive weight changes (D) are also likely to cause more stress than alleviate it.
The characteristic, localized cardinal signs of acute inflammation include: (Select all that
apply.)
A. Redness
B. Fatigue
C. Swelling
D. Warmth
E. Fever - CORRECT ANSWERS-A, C, D
The cellular stage of acute inflammation is marked by the movement of leukocytes into
the area. Which of the following cells arrives first and in great numbers?
A. Basophils
B. Lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. Platelets - CORRECT ANSWERS-C
Problems
A patient is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of his liver.
Adaptation to the reduced size of the liver leads to ___________ of the remaining liver
cells.
A. Metaplasia
B. Organ atrophy
C. Compensatory hyperplasia
D. Physiologic hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS-C
An older adult patient comes to the clinic complaining of not being able to do what he
used to be able to. You know that normal changes associated with aging include:
(Select all that apply.)
A. Improved blood flow
B. Slowed metabolic rate
C. Decreased brain weight
D. Improved nerve fiber conduction
E. Less respiratory capacity - CORRECT ANSWERS-B, C, E
A 20-year-old college student has presented to her campus medical clinic for a
scheduled Pap smear. The clinician who will interpret the smear will examine cell
samples for evidence of:
A. Changes in cell shape, size, and organization
B. Presence of unexpected cell types
C. Ischemic changes in cell sample
D. Abnormally high numbers of cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-A
The parents of a 4-year-old girl have sought care because their daughter has admitted
to chewing and swallowing imported toy figurines that have been determined to be
made of lead. Which of the following blood tests should the care team prioritize?
A. White blood cell levels with differential
B. Red blood cell levels and morphology
C. Urea and creatinine levels
D. Liver function panel - CORRECT ANSWERS-B
Lead -> anemia, RBC lysis
,You know it's not A because there is no infection involved. C is focused on kidney
function while D is focused on liver function. Both of these would be important in the
case of lead poisoning BUT the priority answer is B, because you need first to address
the most life-threatening patient needs. The little girl in this question can go into shock
or suffer permanent organ damage if her RBCs are low.
A patient with severe peripheral vascular disease has developed signs of dry gangrene
on the great toe of one foot. Which of the following pathophysiologic processes most
likely contributed to this diagnosis?
A. Inappropriate activation of apoptosis
B. Bacterial invasion
C. Impaired arterial blood supply
D. Metaplastic cellular changes - CORRECT ANSWERS-B
Remember that it's not C because to have gangrene, you must have infection
Although stress exposure initiates integrated responses by multiple systems, the most
important changes are first activated by which system?
A. Pulmonary
B. Gastrointestinal
C. Neuroendocrine
D. Cardiovascular - CORRECT ANSWERS-C
Which manifestation of stress reflects the non-specific fight or flight response?
A. Decreased pupillary light response
B. Increased GI motility
C. Decreased short-term memory
D. Increased cardiopulmonary rates - CORRECT ANSWERS-D
This would fall under physiologic responses to stress!! Slide 25 in your lecture
powerpoint
Stress-induced cortisol hormone secretion is associated with:
A. Increased growth hormone level
B. Regulation of the stress response
C. Increased thyroid-stimulating hormone
D. Depressed adrenal gland function - CORRECT ANSWERS-B
You know it's not A because I mentioned in an earlier slide that growth hormone levels
decrease with stress. We didn't mention thyroid-stimulating hormone as one of the ones
associated with the stress repsonse so you can pretty much assume that's not right.
, And we know adrenal function is not depressed because ACTH from the anterior
pituitary stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol.
Which of the following factors are known to contribute to an individual's ability to adapt
to stress? (Select all that apply.)
A. Ethnicity
B. Age
C. Socioeconomic status
D. Gender
E. Health status - CORRECT ANSWERS-B, C, D, E
"Ability to adapt to stress" = mediating factors! Slide 28 of this powerpoint
Two people experience the same stressor yet only one is able to cope and adapt
adequately. An example of the person with an increased capacity to adapt is the one
with:
A. A sense of purpose in life
B. Circadian rhythm disruption
C. Age-related renal dysfunction
D. Excessive weight gain or loss - CORRECT ANSWERS-A
Back to mediating factors. Which of these things do you think would help a person deal
with stress? Disruption in sleep cycle (B) will definitely not help, age-related renal
dysfunction (C) is an indicator of poor health status which also would not help, and
excessive weight changes (D) are also likely to cause more stress than alleviate it.
The characteristic, localized cardinal signs of acute inflammation include: (Select all that
apply.)
A. Redness
B. Fatigue
C. Swelling
D. Warmth
E. Fever - CORRECT ANSWERS-A, C, D
The cellular stage of acute inflammation is marked by the movement of leukocytes into
the area. Which of the following cells arrives first and in great numbers?
A. Basophils
B. Lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. Platelets - CORRECT ANSWERS-C
