Biological Psychology - Summary - 2019

=
Biological Psychology

, pp. 23-60 ch. 2
i
Genetics and Evolution 2

EVOLUTION THE EVOLUTION OF HUMANS




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÷÷ ÷
- -
-




-


Charles Darwin :
common ancestor
f--

Life in the water

↳
adaptations via natural selection ↳ evolved into amphibians
↳ survival of the fittest ↳ evolved into reptiles
→
further adaptation to life on land

-
Evidence for evolution

↳
biogeography -

Mammals evolved from reptiles n 180 million
years ago
→ best fit for their environment
organisms are the
↳ humans stem from order of primates




:÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷
↳ Molecular biology → 50000
years ago migrated out of Africa

of genetic
"
→ strands '
'
we share common → out of Africa hypothesis


materialwithotherorganis.gs -


Human brain
EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY




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↳ size and volume greater than in other species


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.




.

↳ first humans tracked down via Y -




why is this maladaptive behaviour still present
-




andwharwasitsoriginalreasonforbein#

4
5
QUALITATIVE TRAITS QUANTITATIVE TRAIT T
- # 1-




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f. :÷ ÷ f÷ ÷ ÷: ÷ ÷ ÷
-
influenced by a single gene Influenced by
multiple genes
-




-
follow a simple pattern of inheritance Ce g Mendelian inheritance) Don 't follow simple patterns of inheritance
- -
.




-




typically unaffected by environment ↳ more variable and less predictable
Factors that may alter the pattern of inheritance Et pressed
-




along a continuum
-




'
→ Genetic heterogeneity ↳ e.g ADHD
.




÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
→
-




disease completely or
partially
↳ Mosaicism

→ not all cells are
genetically identical

phenocopies

→ environmental factors that give rise to disorders similar to

those of genetic disorders)
⑧

, 6 7
MENDELIAN GENETICS HUNTINGTON 'S DISEASE




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-




:::
Differences in conspecifics
-




Dominant allele has debilitating effects
-




↳ members of the same
species ↳
progressive disorder characterized by motor




: " ""




↳ only expressed when
previous generations -

HTT
gene codes for huntingtin protein
are carriers and new
generation doesn't ↳ mutation leads to production of abnormally long
dominant trait
carry protein
phenotype
-



that bind
↳ cut into smaller
fragments together
↳


andacaemulateinneurcf-G-enotyp.ee
observed traits


PHENYLKETONURIA
#
CDKU)




/ /
-




↳ transmitted traits
genetically

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-




,
-




-




Homozygous : RR (dominant + dominant) / ↳
patients miss enzyme that's needed for

rrcrecessivetrece.si# phenylalanine Camino acid)
breaking down

↳ found in food
-
-

CHROMOSOMES AND INHERITANCE #




f÷ ÷ ÷ ÷
Meiosis
-




Genes are located
-




on chromosomes


↳ ↳ cell division
chromosomes are constructed from DNA

strands
↳ diploid cells turn into haploid gametes
↳ 23 base pairs; UG chromatids sperm meiosis
-




↳ 23 chromosome pairs are duplicated




}
22 autosomes
-




↳ divides ' duplicated chromosomes indifference


-
I}radp%!! dieferanbertowmoenomseees Karotype

↳ chromosomes are separated ,
cell divides again
↳ x and y
↳ haploid gamete
Egg meiosis
-




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.
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↳ Long arm ↳ results in 46 chromosomes

-



Telomeres ↳
diploid zygote

repeated Mitosis
↳
genetic sequences at the
-




end of the arms ↳ diploid cell doubles chromosomes and divides

Cytogenetic bands
-




crossing
-


↳ stripes on chromosomes over

↳ source of genetic variation during meiosis

Diploid 23 pairs
-




set of chromosomes : ↳ while chromosomes duplicate , the chromatids

Haploid : one set of chromosomes
and sometimes break and
-



cross over eachother

Ggametesswapsit.es#

, 11
do
DNA WHAT IS DNA ?




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-



Desoxy ribonucleic acid -

Each chromosome is made up of two DNA strands




::::
'
During DNA
replication two strands nucleotide bases ( adenine ,
-


the →
,




unravel cytosine , guanine and thymine)
↳
unravelled strand attracts unattached
-

strands are hold together by nucleotide base bonds

cytosine iauanines
Aaoduenbienenaihymine ;
-




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,


l and five prime CS )
'
three
'

Mutations prime
-
-




↳ errors in replication
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
13 14
GENETIC VARIATION




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- -




:÷ ÷ ÷f
-

Nucleotide bases -


basic elements of code
Polymorphism
.
-




↳ code for construction of amino acids
↳ differences in DNA
sequences among
↳ amino acids make up enzymes proteins and
,
individuals

polypeptides ↳ often weak or no effect
codon of nucleotide
triplet
-
=

↳
single base pair of nucleotides is

↳ code is based on a
sequence of codons




↳
sequences that code for
proteins -
:÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ :÷i÷
Mutation
-

introns ↳ change in a single gene
↳ non -




coding sequences ↳ rare ,
random ,
and independent of
↳ mRNA removes introns the
organism 's needs

↳ can cause the disorder itself
Translation
-




↳ Mendelian pattern of
usually
↳ starts with start codon
inheritance
↳ Amino acids are taken to ribosomes by
transfer ribonucleic acid Ct RNA)

↳ ribosome reads codons and tRNA adds

amino acids

↳
Stop codon finishes

↳ Amino acid sequence goes on to make




I I
proteins , etc .




r


gem:: :::
-




; mauer ones
.




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