Neurology Verified and Effective Q&A for Top Scores

C1-C7 exit above the corresponding vertebra. C8 spinal nerve exits below C7 and above T1. All other nerves exit below - Answer which spinal n exit above/below vertebrae, beh of special Fibrillary astrocytoma - Answer can occur anywhere, but most often in the cerebral hemispheres - - 60% supratentorial Low grade, adult most are poorly demarcated w/ infiltrative border. microcysts and mucous-like fluid tumors originate in white matter may extend into gray matter Metatastic brain tumors ch - Answer Junction of gray-white mat cocaine-based drop, which inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine, should cause mydriasis (pupillary dilation). Lack of sympathetic innervation due to a lesion of the postganglionic neuron anywhere along the pathway won't. hydroxyamphetamine, releases stored endogenous norepinephrine. If Horner syndrome is caused by a CNS lesion, then the eye can still dilate, in contrast, a lesion of the postganglionic neurons can't . - Answer Cocaine, amohetamine eyedrops- what diagnose just medial to the ischial spines, through the sacrospinous ligament. The sacrospinous ligament courses posteriorly, connecting the ischial spines to the sacrum - Answer Pudendal nerve block Agrammatic. Not slurred-this is dysarthia fr primary motor cortex (muscles) or cerebellar lesion - Answer Brocas aphasia has what speech? 2 | P a g e 474 - Answer cisterns:loc, order lingual, cuneus - Answer what gyri in primary visual cortex? ependymal cells of choroid plexus it is reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations and then drains into dural venous sinuses. - Answer what makes csf emotion, long-term memory, olfaction, behavior modulation, ANS function [Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling, and Sex] hippos mum tackles (a) single rhino: hippocampus --- mammillary bodies-- anterior thalamic nuclei--- cingulate gyrus --entorhinal cortex--hippo - Answer Papez circuit, function PICA - Answer lat medullary syndr is _hyoglossus (retracts and depresses tongue) genioglossus(protrudes tongue)styloglossus (draws sides of tongue upward to create a trough for swallowing).cn10_ palatoglossus(elevates posterior tongue during swallowing) - Answer motor innervation of tongue w functions of muscles 2 muscles that open eye, nerves - Answer cn3 f levator palpabre symph f sup tarsal near vision---contracts Lens--dec tension on zonula fibers--round lens flat in far vis - Answer accomodation mecha ne or both pupils to be abnormally dilated (mydriasis) with delayed constriction in response to exposure to light. damage to the postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic Patients commonly present with areflexia of the knee and/or ankles, sweating abno - Answer adie pupil 3 | P a g e inc space constant (inc length, dec time) and conduction velocity. - Answer myelin physics ipsilat CN2 transection - Answer right anopia (pituitary lesion, chiasm) - Answer Bitemporal hemianopia contralat (R)optic tract, LGB (MCA) affects: contralat (L) temporal, ipsilat (R) nasal can have additional R pupillary defect - Answer Left homonymous hemianopia (right parietal-Cuneate lesion, MCA) - Answer Left lower quadrantanopia (PCA infarct)- visual cortex=occipital lobe, geniculocalcarine tract - Answer Left hemianopia with macular sparing chiasm lat compression, fr calcified ICA - Answer Binasal hemanopia perichiasmal lesion, ex ICA aneurysm - Answer R nasal hemianopia bilat cuneate trauma - Answer low altudinal hemianopia retina d/ optic n head d, ex. glaucoma - Answer arcuate scotoma upside down and left-right reversed. - Answer When an image hits 1° visual cortex, it is Schwann cell function - Answer Each Schwann cell myelinates only 1 PNS axon. Also promote axonal regeneration. *May be injured in Guillain-Barré syndrome oligodendrocyte function, histo - Answer Myelinates axons of neurons in CNS. Each oligodendrocyte can myelinate many axons (∼ 30). Predominant type of glial cell in white matter. fried egg app result of cingulate gyrus lesion? - Answer part of limbic 4 | P a g e akinesia, mutism, apathy, indiffrence to pain signficance of Pulvinar nucleus of thalamus - Answer largest, intergrates vis/audit/sensory lesion in dominant--sensory aphasia epilespy in Primary motor cortex results in - Answer Jacksonian seizures (somatotropy) Parkinsons: down gaze paresis, gate d, freq fallls - Answer Progressive suplanuclear plasy is... poss ipsilateral Horner syndrome due to damage of oculosympathetic pathway - Answer if Brown Sequard above T1, then... quadriplegia vs paraplegia - Answer c4-5 vs T1 complete transection effect io--(dec excitation) =inhi meta---exci - Answer when excitation/inhibition - ionotropic or metabotropic glutamate receptors on horizontal bipolar c, when glutamate dec? lower w low quadrantopia, cuneus (parietal lobe) Dorsal optic radiation—superior retina; takes shortest path via internal capsule. - Answer upper geniculocalcarine tract: which vis field, gyrus up w sup quadrantopia, lingual g (temporal lobe, Meyer's loop ar inferior horn of Lat ventricle) - Answer lower geniculocalcarine tract: which vis field, gyrus dec Pco2 --- vasoconstriction --dec cerebral blood flow--- dec intracranial pressure ICP--inc CPerfusion - Answer effect of therapeutic hyperventilation on CPP circle of willis consists of - Answer ACA, Acomm, PCA, P comm, ICA list watershed zones of brain signif - Answer Between anterior cerebral/middle cerebral, posterior cerebral/middle Damage by severe hypotension --- upper leg/upper arm weakness, defects in higher-order visual processing. 80-180 when lying lat - Answer normal csf P 2 myelinated by oligodendrocytes, can't regen - Answer which cranial nerve is not peripheral? close jaw: Masseter, teMporalis, 5 | P a g e Medial pterygoid. 1 opens: Lateral pterygoid. - Answer what muscles open/ closes jaw nucleus pulposus (soft central disc) herniates through annulus fibrosus (outer ring); usually occurs posterolaterally at L4-L5 or L5-S1. Nerve usually affected is below the level of herniation sciatica, paresthesias, corresponding muscle weakness - Answer vertebral disc herniation: describe, loc, sympt L1-L2 vertebrae. Subarachnoid space (which contains the CSF) extends to lower border of S2 vertebra L3 - Answer where does spinal cord end in adult, where csf where in baby between L3-L4 or L4-L5 (level of cauda equina). Iliac crest (L4) - Answer loc of lumbar puncture myelin debris (supressed axonal growth) - Answer years after ischemic stroke Brief, reversible episode of focal neurologic dysfunction without acute infarction (⊝ MRI), with the majority resolving in < 15 minutes; deficits due to focal ischemia - Answer TIA definition burr holes to relieve P - Answer treatment of dural hematomas CT w contrast, MRI f post fossa - Answer best method to diagnose cerebral strokes coma, total paralysis w pinpoint pupils - Answer bilat pontine hemorhage leads to... cn 4 - Answer all cranial nerves have ipsilateral signs except... paraphasic speech (shizo like), norm comprehension & repetition - Answer thalamic aphasia (speech) Acute: sumatriptan, 100% O2 Prophylaxis: verapamil - Answer cluster h- tr; acute/proph amitryptiline - Answer chronic tension h treatm cerebral edema/herniation - Answer correcting hypernatremia too quickly results in 6 | P a g e Corona radiata- desc cortical path, sacral, limbic - Answer Which fibers affected by normal p hydroc s1-2 - Answer achilles reflex l3-4 - Answer patellar reflex l1-2 - Answer cremasteric reflex deep skin layers, ligaments, joints - Answer Pacinian corpuscles distribution vibration, pressure - Answer Pacinian corpuscles associated sensation large myelinated fibers, adapt 2 Finger tips, superficial skin Pressure, deep static touch (eg, shapes, edges), position sense - Answer Merkel discs associated sensory neuron fiber type, distribution, senses finger tips, superficial skin - Answer Merkel discs distribution pressure, deep static touch=crude, position sense - Answer Merkel discs associated sensation dendritic endings with capsule, adapt slowly Finger tips, joints Pressure, slippage of objects along surface of skin, joint angle change - Answer Ruffini corpuscles associated sensory neuron fiber type, distribution, senses nucleus pulposus, induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form neural plate. Neural plate gives rise to neural tube and neural crest cells - Answer what does the notochord give rise to? process sensory neurons - Answer what does the alar (dorsal) plate give rise to? motor neurons - Answer what does the basal (ventral) plate give rise to? (embryology) telencephalon, diencephalon - Answer what does the prosencephalon give rise to? (embryology) 7 | P a g e metancephalon, myelencephalon - Answer what does the rhombencephalon give rise to? (embryology) cerebral hemispheres - Answer what do the walls of the telencephalon give rise to? (embryology) thalamus, hypothalamus, (retina, optic n, iris) - Answer what do the walls of the diencephalon give rise to? (embryology) midbrain - Answer what do the walls of the mesencephalon give rise to? (embryology) pons, cerebellum - Answer what do the walls of the metancephalon give rise to? (embryology) medulla - Answer what do the walls of the myelencephalon give rise to? (embryology) lateral ventricles - Answer what do the cavities of the telencephalon give rise to? (embryology) third ventricle - Answer what do the cavities of the diencephalon give rise to? (embryology) cerebral aqueduct - Answer what do the cavities of the mesencephalon give rise to? (embryology) upper part of 4th ventricle - Answer what do the cavities of the metencephalon give rise to? (embryology) lower part of 4th ventricle - Answer what do the cavities of the myelencephalon give rise to? (embryology) neural tube neuroepithelium - Answer what embryonic cells are CNS neurons derived from? (embryology) neural tube neuroepithelium - Answer what embryonic cells are ependymal cells derived from? (embryology) neural tube neuroepithelium - Answer what embryonic cells are oligodendrocytes derived from? (embryology) pathway arising from the dorsal columns of the spinal cord that carries information about position sense, vibration, and light touch. A lesion of the medial lemniscus decreases contralateral proprioception, which produces the type of swaying and unsteadiness seen in this patient when his eyes are closed. - Answer Medial lemniscus is neural crest - Answer what embryonic cells are PNS neurons derived from? (embryology) neural crest - Answer what embryonic cells are schwann cells derived from? (embryology) mesoderm - Answer what embryonic cells are microglia derived from? (embryology) week 4 - Answer when does the neural tube normally close? (embryology) maternal DM, low folate - Answer neural tube defects risk factors (embryology) increased AFP, AChE...........