Download this fully solved and updated exam for Child Development Psychology Test #1

Nature and nurture inborn characteristics and external influences three domains or aspects of the self physical, cognitive, and psychosocial physical development growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health. cognitive development Learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. psychosocial Emotions, personality, and social relationships. Toddlers more self reliant Early Childhood self-control/interest in others Middle Childhood Control over behavior/peer group importance Adolescences Physically mature Maturation of the body and brain (walk/talk) Nuclear family parents Extended family aunts, uncles, cousins, siblings Culture a society or groups total way of life including customs, traditions, laws, knowledge, belief, values, behaviors, etc. Ethnic group people united by a distinctive culture, ancestry, religion, language, national origin, all which contribute to a sense of shared identity, attitudes, beliefs, and values. Socioeconomic status (SES) Based on family income and the educational and occupational levels of the adults in the household. (affects nutrition, medical care, schooling) Poverty Stressful and can damage the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial well being on children and families. Risk factors Conditions that increase the likelihood of negative outcomes. Normative Influences- biological or environmental events that may affect many or most people in similar ways. Historical generation A group of people who experience the events at a formative time in their lives. Cohort A group of people born at about the same time. Non normative Influences are unusual events that have a major impact on individual lives because they disturb the expected sequence of the life cycle. Imprenting Instinctive form of learning which during a critical period in early development (following mother as an animal) Critical period Specific time when a given event or its absence has a profound and specific impact on development. Plasticity Modifiability of performance Sensitive periods Developing person in especially responsive to certain kinds of experience. Scientific theory A set of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development and to predict what kinds of behaviors might under certain conditions. Hypothesis Possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research. "Tabula Rasa" Blank state Mechanistic model People are like machines that react to the environment input Organismic model This model sees children as active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion. Quantitative change Change in number or amount, such as in height, weight, or size of vocabulary. Qualitative change Change in kind, structure Five major Perspectives Psychoanytic. learning, cognitive, contextual, evolutionary/sociobiolgical Psychoanalytic perspective (Sigmund Frued) Believed in reactive development, as well as qualitative changes over time. Psychosexual development Then sensual pleasures shift from one body zone to another- from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals. Anal Stage Chief source of pleasures from moving bowls. Oral stage Pleasures from reading. Phallic Stage Sexual attachment to opposite sex parents. Latency Stage Relative emotional calm and intellectual and social exploration. Genital stage Sexual urges Erick Erikson Psychosocial Development ("Crisis in personality") Learning perspective View of human development that holds that change in behavior results from experience. Behaviorism Learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior. Classical conditioning In which a response (salvation) to a stimulus (the bell) is elicited after repeated association with a stimulus that normally elicits the response (food). Operant conditioning Learns from the consequences of "operating" on the environment. Reinforcement Behavior strengthened, increasing repeated behavior. Punishment Behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition. Social Learning Theory Behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models. Reciprocal Determination Bidirectional forces that affect development. Observation Learning Watching others behaviors. Self-efficacy Sense of one's capability to master challenges and achieving goals. Cognitive process Development of mental processes Cognitive stage theory Children's cognitive development advances in series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations. Assimilation Taking in new information and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures. Accomodations Adjusting one's cognitive structures to fit in new information. Contextual perspective Development can be understood only it its social context. Bioecological theory environmental influences