X100 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS

How is operational art applied? - ANS~ Operational Art is applied to all aspects of joint operations and integrates ends, ways, and means, while accounting for risk, across.... What are the 12 principles of Joint Operations? - ANS~ Objective, Offensive, Mass, Maneuver, Economy of Force, Unity of Command, Security, Surprise, Simplicity, Restraint, Perseverance, Legitimacy Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to direct every military operation toward a clearly defined, decisive, and achievable goal? - ANS~ Objective. Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative? - ANS~ Offensive. Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to concentrate the effects of combat power at the most advantageous place and time to produce decisive results? - ANS~ Mass. Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to place the enemy in a position of disadvantage through the flexible application of combat power? - ANS~ Maneuver. Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to expend minimum essential combat power on secondary efforts in order to allocate the maximum possible combat power on primary efforts? - ANS~ Economy of Force. Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to ensure unity of effort under one responsible commander for every objective? - ANS~ Unity of Command. Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to prevent the enemy from acquiring unexpected advantage? - ANS~ Security. Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to strike at a time or place or in a manner for which the enemy is unprepared? - ANS~ Surprise. Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to increase the probablity that plans and operations will be executed as intended by preparing clear, uncomplicated plans and concise orders? - ANS~ Simplicity. Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to limit collateral damage and prevent the unnecessary use of force? - ANS~ Restraint. Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to ensure the commitment necessary to attain the national strategic end state? - ANS~ Perseverance. Which principle of Joint Operations has the purpose to maintain legal and moral authority in the conduct of operations? - ANS~ Legitimacy. Why is Force Management important? - ANS~ Force Management is important because it ensures that today's Army can rapidly respond to the challenges of today and the future. What are the 4 steps in the Material Acquisition Process? - ANS~ 1) Initial Capabilities Document (ICD) 2) Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) 3) Capabilities Development Document (CDD) 4) Capabilities Production Document (CPD) What is an Initial Capabilities Document? - ANS~ documents the need for non-materiel and/or materiel solution approaches to resolve a specific high risk capability gap derived from the JCIDS C-BA process. What is a Capabilities Development Document? - ANS~ is the warfighter's primary means of defining authoritative, measurable, and/or testable capabilities for the Engineering and Manufacturing phase of an acquisition program. What is the Capabilities Production Document? - ANS~ is the warfighter's primary means of providing authoritative and testable capabilities for the Production and Deployment (P&D) phase of an acquisition program. Clausewitz Trinity - ANS~ Reason (the government), chance (the military), and passion (the people) Concept of friction in war - ANS~ Danger, physical effort, and ambigous information Center of Gravity (doctrine) - ANS~ The source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom of action, or will to act. The purpose of CoG Analysis - ANS~ Help JFCs and staffs analyze friendly and adversary sources of strength as well as weaknesses and vulnerabilities. Operational Art - ANS~ A deliberate process designed to Understand and Visualize the Environment in order to develop a strategy. It is a vision that links tactical actions to strategic objectives. Operational Methodology - ANS~ Understand the strategic direction. Understand the OE. Understand the problem. Commander's Planning Guidance - ANS~ Describe the OE. Describe the problem. Describe the operational approach. Give the CDR's Initial Intent. What are the elements of system's prespective? - ANS~ RAFT - Relationships, Actors, Functions, Tension. Critical Capabilities - ANS~ verb; considered crucial enablers for a COG to function as such, and are essential to the accomplishment of the adversary's assumed objective(s) Critical Requirements - ANS~ noun; the conditions, resources, and means that enable a critical capability to become fully operational Critical Vulnerability - ANS~ aspects or components of critical requirements that are deficient and can be targeted ULO - ANS~ how the Army seizes, retains, and exploits the initiative to gain and maintain a position of relative advantage in sustained land operations Four Foundations of ULO - ANS~ Begins and ends with the initiative. Executed through DA. By means of Army Core Competencies. Guided by Mission Command. Personal Initiative - ANS~ The willingness to act in the absence of orders, when existing orders no longer make sense, or the unforeseen arises Philosophy of Mission Command - ANS~ the exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable disciplined initiative within the commander's intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the conduct of unified land operations Initiative in DA - ANS~ Initiative gives all operations the spirit, if not the form, of the offense. Initiative is used to gain a position of advantage that degrades and defeats the enemy throughout the depth of an organization. Decision Point - ANS~ a point in space or time the commander or staff anticipate making a key decision concerning a specific course of action. Decisive Operation - ANS~ the operation that directly accomplishes the mission. It determines the outcome of a major operation, battle, or engagement. The decisive operation is the focal point around which commanders design an entire operation. Three operational frameworks - ANS~ Decisive-Shaping-Sustaining. Deep-Close-Security. Main Effort-Supporting Effort. What is IPB? - ANS~ the systematic process of analyzing of METT-TC in the AI to determine their effect on operations. What is JIPOE? - ANS~ a systematic approach used by intelligence personnel to analyze the adversary and other relevant aspects of the operational environment. The 4 Steps to IPB - ANS~ 1) Define the OE. 2) Describe the Environmental Effects on Operations. 3) Evaluate the Threat. 4) Determine Threat/Adversary COAs. Primary Defensive Tasks - ANS~ Area Defense, Mobile Defense, Retrograde 2 Types of Power - ANS~ Personal (commitment) and Positional (compliance) 3 Types of Influence Techniques - ANS~ Hard, soft, and rational Define Organizational Climate - ANS~ consists of collective perceptions of the work environment formed by members of the organization based on actions, policies, and procedures of the leadership Define Organizational Culture - ANS~ The shared beliefs of a group used to solve problems and manage internal anxiety Define Joint Operations - Verify - ANS~ means military actions conducted by joint forces and those Service forces employed in specified command relationships with each other. What is an RMA? - Verify - ANS~ The assembly of a complex mix of tactical, organizational, doctrinal, and technological innovations in order to implement a new conceptual approach to warfare or specialized sub-branch of warfare What is JCIDS? - Verify - ANS~ a need driven joint capabilities-based requirements generation process What is the purpose of JCIDS? - ANS~ The objective is to develop a balanced and synchronized DOTMLPF-P solution that is affordable, useful, effective, supportable, and based on mature technology What is DAS - Verify - ANS~ Defense Acquisition System (DAS). A management process to translate user needs and technological opportunities into reliable and sustainable systems What is the JCIDS relationship to DAS? - ANS~ JCIDS is related to the DAS by the MDD Examples of RMA - ANS~ • Swedish improvements in volley fire, Union use of the railroad, the needle gun What is the goal of Force Management - ANS~ To provide trained and ready units for the Combatant Commanders What is the Army Force Development Process? - ANS~ It is a five-phase process that is the start point, rationale and underlying basis for defining the Army's force structure. The force development process consists of defining required military capabilities, designing force structures to provide these capabilities, and translating organizational concepts into a trained and ready Army. What are the 5 Phases of the Army Force Development Process? - ANS~ 1) Develop Capabilities 2) Design Organizations 3) Develop Organizational Models 4) Determine Authorizations 5) Document Organization Authorizations What is the PPBE Process? - ANS~ It is the primary system to manage the Army's financial systems. Its purpose is to provide civilian control and strategic direction to DOD and the US Army. What is an Analysis of Alternatives? - ANS~ The AoA evaluates potential materiel solutions to satisfy validated capabilities and supports a decision on the most cost effective, affordable solution to meet the validated capability requirement(s). What is doctrine? - ANS~ It is the body of professional knowledge that guides how Soldiers employ land power in a distinctly American way. What is the purpose of doctrine? - ANS~ Doctrine serves as a starting point for thinking about and conducting operations. In other words, it serves as a common professional language for amongst service members and as a common frame of reference for discussing operations. What is the difference between prescriptive and descriptive doctrine? - ANS~ Prescriptive doctrine must be followed to comply with law, common language, control measures, reports, while descriptive doctrine leaders should apply judgement with the OE and mission variables in mind and deviate when need and justified. What are the elements of the ethical triangle? - ANS~ Principles: Act in accordance with the established values and principles. Virtues: Golden Rule; Do unto others as you would have them do to you. Consequences: Do the greatest good for the greatest number. Who are the Statutory / Principle members of the National Security Council? - ANS~ President, Vice President, Secretary of State, Secretary of Energy, Secretary of Defense Who are the Statutory / Principle advisors of the National Security Council? - ANS~ Director of National Intelligence (DNI) Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff (CJCS) What is the purpose of a National Security Strategy? - verify - ANS~ To Articulate national interest and basic policy direction and intent to the rest of the world. Define "Ends"? - ANS~ What is to be accomplished (objectives) Define "Ways"? - ANS~ How objectives are to be accomplished by the employment of DIME. Define "Means"? - ANS~ Determine types and levels of resources that are necessary to support the concepts of strategy. What does "Strategy" do? - ANS~ Lays down what is important and to be achieved, sets the parameters for the necessary actions, and prescribes what the state is willing to allocate in terms of resources. Achieving national strategic objectives requires effective unified action resulting in unity of effort. This is accomplished by collaboration, synchronization, and coordination in the use of what? - ANS~ "DIME" - instruments of national power How often is the Unified Command Plan (UCP) reviewed and updated? - ANS~ Every two years By whom is the Unified Command Plan (UCP) prepared? - ANS~ Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff (CJCS) What does the Unified Command Plan (UCP) do? - ANS~ Assigns missions; planning, training, & operational responsibilities; & geographical AOR to COCOMs. What are some CCDR's roles and responsibilities? - ANS~ Plan for contingencies as directed. Plan, conduct and assess security cooperation activities. DSR is reviewed and updated when? - ANS~ 4 years Guidance For Employment of the Force (GEF) _____ the "WHAT". - ANS~ Provides Joint Strategic Campaign Plan (JSCP) _____ the "WHAT". - ANS~ Implements What is the acronym JOPES? - ANS~ Joint Operation Planning and Execution System What documents go to the Combat Command under strategic guidance? - ANS~ Guidance for Employment of the Force (GEF) Joint Strategic Campaign Plan (JSCP) Who signs off on / approves the Unified Command Plan (UCP) - ANS~ President What does the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) provide? - verify - ANS~ Allows for rapid transmission of data, to allow contingency and crisis action planning and execution to be performed globally What is the Joint Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) - verify - ANS~ Global Command Control System; system for command and control of joint and coalition forces. What are the four planning levels for Contingency Planning? - ANS~ 1. Commander's Estimate 2. Base Plan 3. Concept 4. Operation What is the process for Crisis Action Planning? 1. Warning Order 2. Planning Order 3. Operation Order 4. Alert Order 5. Execute Order The _____ is built on initiative, decisive action, and mission command—linked and nested through purposeful and simultaneous execution of both combined arms maneuver and wide area security (Army Core Competencies)—to achieve the commander's intent and desired end state. - ANS~ Foundations of Unified Land Operations What are the Tenets of Unified Land Operations? - ANS~ • Flexibility • Integration • Lethality • Adaptability • Depth • Synchronization Army operations are characterized by - ANS~ The Tenets of Unified Land Operations What is the Functional Structure of the Army? - ANS~ - Operating Forces - Generating Force Consists of units organized, trained, and equipped to deploy and fight - ANS~ Operating Forces A Theater Army's primary role is? - ANS~ Army Service component command to a GCC The theater army is not designed to - ANS~ Operate as the JTF, JFLCC, or ARFOR for major operations within a single JOA. Marine's Core Competencies - verify - ANS~ • Conducts persistent forward naval engagement and is always prepared to respond as the Nation's force in readiness. • Employs integrated combined arms across the range of military operations and can operate as part of a joint or multinational force. • Provides forces and specialized detachments for service aboard naval ships, on stations, and for operations ashore. • Conducts joint forcible entry operations from the sea and develops amphibious landing force capabilities and doctrine. • Conducts complex expeditionary operations in the urban littorals and other challenging environments. • Leads joint and multinational operations and enables interagency activities. An _____ is the result of formal agreements or treaties between two or more nations for broad long-term objectives which further the common interests of the members. (JP 1-02) - ANS~ Alliance A _____ is an ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for common action. (JP 1-02) - ANS~ Coalition A collective term to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations, usually within the structure of a coalition or alliance. (JP 1-02) - ANS~ Multinational operations A force composed of military elements of nations who have formed an alliance or coalition for some specific purpose. (JP 1-02) - ANS~ A multinational force What is a Campaign? - ANS~ A series of related military operations aimed at accomplishing strategic or operational objectives within a given time and space... What is a Major Operation? - ANS~ A series of tactical actions conducted by combat forces of a single or several services, coordinated in time and space, to achieve strategic or operational objectives in an operational area. These actions are conducted simultaneously or sequentially in accordance with a common plan and are controlled by a single commander. JP 1-02 What is the Joint Operations Planning Process? - ANS~ Planning Initiation Mission Analysis COA Development COA Analysis and War Gaming COA Comparison COA Approval Plan and Order Development What is the Operational Art Process? - ANS~ Understanding Experience Intellect Creativity Intuition Education The operational approach is a result of the application of operational art and has three purposes: What are they? - ANS~ • Basis of the Commander's planning guidance • The model for execution of a campaign or operation • Better understanding of the environment and problem _____ supports commanders and staffs in their application of operational art with tools and a methodology to conceive of and construct operations and campaigns. - ANS~ Operational Design What are the Operational Design Key Components? - ANS~ • Understand the Operational Environment • Define the Problem-Problem Statement • Operational Approach The specified standards approved by the President and or the Secretary of Defense that must be met before a joint operations can be concluded. (JP 1-02) - ANS~ Termination Criteria The set of required conditions that defines achievement of all military objectives. It normally represents a point in time and/or circumstances beyond which the President does not require the military instrument of national power as the primary means to achieve remaining national objectives. - ANS~ End State Physical and/or behavioral state of a system that results from an action, a set of actions, or another effect. - ANS~ Effects A source of moral or physical strength, power and resistance. (JP 5-0) - ANS~ Center of Gravity (CoG) "a geographic place, specific key event, critical factor, or function that, when acted upon, allows a commander to gain a marked advantage over an adversary or contributes materially to achieving success (e.g., creating a desired effect, achieving an objective)." - ANS~ Decisive Point That point in time and/or space at which the operation can no longer maintain momentum. - ANS~ Culmination Measures project, end state of effect - ANS~ Measure of Effectiveness (MOE) Measures Tasks - ANS~ Measure of Performance (MOP) The course of action accepted as the result of the estimate of the strategic situation which is a statement of what is to be done in broad terms. - ANS~ Strategic Concept Inter-organizational coordination aids in - ANS~ Facilitate Unity of Effort, Achieve Common Objectives, and Provide Common Understanding Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO) - ANS~ organization created by a formal agreement between 2+ governments Nongovernmental Organization (NGO - ANS~ ) private, self-governing, not for profit, i.e. Red Cross, Salvation Army Whole Government - ANS~ integration of USG w/ a plan that identifies and aligns USG goals, objectives, tasks, and supporting structures w/ designation of lead, primary, coordinating, cooperating and supporting federal agencies Diplomatic Mission - ANS~ US bilateral representation in foreign count or multilateral MSN to an IGO Chief of Mission (COM) - ANS~ Leads a diplomatic mission provides recommendations and considerations for CAP directly to the GCC and CJTF CCDRs and their staffs can coordinate most of their standing requirements with the ____________ and their JIACG (joint interagency coordination group) (or equivalent organization). - ANS~ the Deputy Chief of Mission Embassy - ANS~ the nerve center for U.S. affairs inside another nation (HQ of the mission) the headquarters of the U.S. ambassador and his or her staff Located in political capital city of host nation Focal point of IA coordination Multinational Force - ANS~ force composed of military elements of nations who have formed an alliance or coalition for some specific purpose United Nations Security Council permanent members - ANS~ China, Russia, France, U.K., U.S., United Nations 6 Main Bodies - ANS~ General Assembly, Trusteeship council, International Court of Justice, Economic Social Council, Security Council Alliance - ANS~ relationship that results of a formal agreement (e.g., treaty) between two or more nations for broad, long-term objectives that further the common interests of the members (ex. NATO, Axis of Powers) The key tenets and considerations in planning and executing military operations with coalition partners - ANS~ Respect, Rapport, Knowledge of Partners , Patience, Coordination The general characteristics of multinational organizations, functions, responsibilities, and command and control - ANS~ Nations pick and choose if, when and where they will join effort Nations also choose the manner and extent of their foreign involvement The nature of their national decisions, in turn, influences the multinational task force's (MNTF's) command structure Training of forces within the MNTF command for specific mission standards enhances unified action. What is the over-riding factor in any country's decision to engage in coalition operations? - ANS~ The only constant is that a decision to "join in" is, in every case, a calculated political decision by each potential member of a coalition or alliance. What are some factors in developing the command and control of multinational organizations? - ANS~ President will never relinquish command of US Forces No single command structure meets the needs of every multinational command but one absolute remains constant political considerations will heavily influence the ultimate shape of the command structure Lead Nation Command Structure - ANS~ When all member nations place their forces under the control of one nation. (the largest contributors should be the lead). What are the challenges associated with multinational command and control - ANS~ Conflict of Interests Different Training Levels Logistics ROE Force Generations Agree on C2 status of force Defining MSN End state Language Nations will own position on force protection Different agendas - ANS~ Geographic Combatant Commander (GCC) - ANS~ serve as the link between the Multinational Force and USG Command authority for a MNFC - ANS~ is negotiated between the participating nations and can vary from nation to nation. Command authority could range from operational control (OPCON), to tactical control (TACON), to designated support relationships, to coordinating authority. Multinational Force Commander MNFC - ANS~ exercises CMD authority over a MIL force composed of elements from 2+ nations. Coalition structures - ANS~ tend to have less control than those associated with alliances, they are ad hoc arrangements What is power? - ANS~ Ability to influence the behavior of other actors IAW one's objectives Realism's core belief - ANS~ international affairs are a struggle for power among self‐interested states What power reflects the military and economic might to get others to change their position - ANS~ Hard Power What power reflects getting others to want the outcomes that you want without coercing them - ANS~ Soft power What are preplanned, detailed actions that are carefully tailored to support the instruments of national power - ANS~ Flexible Deterrent Options Who is the primary advisor to the President - ANS~ Joint Chiefs of Staff The National Defense Guidance comes out of what document - ANS~ Quadrennial Defense Review What document formally task GCC's with contingency and posture planning - ANS~ Joint Strategic Campaign Plan What is a physical/behavioral state of a system - ANS~ Effect What is a geographical place, specific key event critical factor or function that gives a commander an advantage over the adversary - ANS~ Decisive Point What are the actions on decisive points and or nodes that lead to an objective - ANS~ Line of Operation Who are the five statutory members of the National Security Council - ANS~ President Vice President SEC of STATE SEC of DEF SEC of ENERGY What is used by the JFC to deconflict space - ANS~ Joint Space tasking Order The part of a plan when the President deems that the need of military force is no longer necessary - ANS~ Military End State What is the maximum limit that a military can go while sustaining itself - ANS~ Operational reach What are the US defense objectives under the QDR - ANS~ Prevail in todays war, prevent and deter conflict, prepare to defeat adversaries, preserve and enhance the all volunteer force To qualify as a state you must meet all of these - ANS~ Permanent population Government Capacity to enter into relations with other states Soft power of a country rests primarily on these resources - ANS~ Political values Foreign Policies Culture Name the three levels of strategies - ANS~ Theater wide Intercontinental Global What does DIME stand for - ANS~ Diplomatic Informational Military Economic This document looks out 20 years and is due every 4 years - ANS~ QDR What are the four defeat mechanisms - ANS~ Destroy, dislocate, disintegrate, isolate What are the four stability mechanisms - ANS~ Compel, control, influence, and support Space is free for use by all countries is part of what - ANS~ UN Principles of International Space Law JFACC ( Joint Force Air Component CDR) does what - ANS~ Plans, Tasks, and Controls Air assests A Marine Expeditionary force (MEF) can sustain operations for how many days - ANS~ 60 What branch of service has the mission to deter aggression and violence - ANS~ Navy Whole government - ANS~ Integrations of USG with a plan that identifies and aligns USG Goals, objectives, tasks, and supporting structures with designation of lead, primary, coordinating, cooperating, and supporting agencies What has a powerful presence that the entire US Liberalism political spectrum, from neoconservatives to human rights advocates, assumes it as largely self evident What are the Army's core competencies - ANS~ Combined arms maneuver Wide area security What are the four elements of "decisive action" operations - ANS~ Offense Defense Stability Defense support of civil authorities Defense - ANS~ conducted to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop conditions favorable for offensive or stability tasks What are the foundations and tenets of unified land operations - ANS~ Flexibility Integration Lethality Adaptability Depth synchronization What is the Army's roles as part of the joint forces - ANS~ Prevent Shape Win Army Authority is dictated in - ANS~ Article 1 Section 8 US Constitution Title 10 USC 4 Stability Mechanisms - ANS~ Compel Control Influence Support Compel - ANS~ means to use, or threaten to use lethal force Control - ANS~ imposing civil order Influence - ANS~ alter opinions, attitudes and ultimately behavior Support - ANS~ establish, reinforce, or set conditions The Army Organization is comprised of the following: - ANS~ RA AND AR Army Civilian Corps Contractors Mission command - ANS~ the exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable disciplined initiative within the CDR's intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the conduct of ULO 4 Defeat Mechanisms - ANS~ Destroy, Isolate, Disintegrate, Dislocate Isolate - ANS~ deny an enemy or adversary access to capabilities that enable the exercise of coercion, influence, potential advantage, and freedom of action Disintegrate - ANS~ disrupt the enemy's command and control system, degrading its ability to conduct operations Dislocate - ANS~ employing forces to obtain significant positional advantage, rendering the enemy's dispositions less valuable, perhaps even irrelevant Special Operations Mission Criteria BIG 5 - ANS~ Is it an appropriate SO mission? Does it support the COCOM campaign plan / JFC OPLAN/ GCC/ JTF? Is it operationally feasible? Are the required resources available? Does the expected outcome justify the risk? Limitations of SOF - ANS~ Limited number of SF Soldiers time to train new Soldiers cannot be created after conflict starts limited organic CS and CSS - requires integrated and interoperable support Not substituted w / conventional forces Principle organizational structure the Air Force uses to deploy its forces - ANS~ Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force (AETF) JFACC (Joint Force Air Component Commander) - ANS~ Provide unity of effort for air and space OPNS can be any component CDR (USN, USMC, USAF) Preponderance of air assets Capability to plan, task and control Air and Space Operations Center (AOC) - ANS~ jointly staffed established for planning, directing, and executing joint air operations in support of the JFC's operations or campaign objectives provides operational level C2 of air and space as the focal point for planning, directing, and assessing air and space operations UN Principles of International Space Law - ANS~ INTL Law applies to outer space Space is free for use by all countries Space objects must be registered with the UN (otherwise no detailed, governing laws) 2010 National Space Policy - ANS~ "Peaceful purposes" allows for space to be used for national and homeland securities; US will employ measures to assure the use of space for all responsible parties, inherent right of self-defense, deter others from interference and attack, defend our space systems, and contribute to defense of allied space systems and defeat efforts to attack them; All nations have the right to explore and use space for peaceful purposes, and for the benefit for humanity IAW INTL law All MAGTFs consist of four core elements - ANS~ a command element, ground combat element (GCE), aviation combat element (ACE), logistics combat element (LCE) 4 Types of MAGTFs - ANS~ Marine Expeditionary Force - MEF; Marine Expeditionary Brigade - MEB; Marine Expeditionary Unit - MEU; Special Purpose Marine Air Ground MAGTFs - SPMAGTF What are the five Operational planning Considerations when planning to provide space services and capabilities to the joint force - ANS~ Revisit Rates; Access Windows; Currency of Predictive Data; Electromagnetic Interference; Lack of Serviceability What is a key feature in the Marine Air-Ground Task Force MAGTF - ANS~ Its expandability What are the component parts of strategy - ANS~ Domestic ; External Typically, what type of command structures have been carefully developed over extended periods of time and have a high degree of stability and consensus - ANS~ Alliance Secretaries of the Military Departments - ANS~ exercise authority over the Chiefs of the Services for those forces not assigned to the combatant commands What are the six functions of Marine Aviation - ANS~ Anti-air warfare;Assault support; Electronic warfare; Offensive air support; Air reconnaissance; Control of aircraft and missiles The nations principle maritime force is comprised of - ANS~ Navy & Marine Corps What principles guides the national security staff in developing policies and security strategy? - ANS~ A Strategic Process What are the expanded core capabilities of the Navy - ANS~ Forward presence deterrence; sea control ; power projection; maritime security; humanitarian assistance; disaster response What are the types of organizational structures in multinational commands - ANS~ Integrated Command Structure; Lead Nation Command Structure; Parallel Command Structure What are the levels of strategy as they pertain to the military element of power within the state - ANS~ Grand Strategy; National Security Strategy; National Military Strategy; Theater Strategy Who provides strategic direction to the military through the National Military Strategy consistent with the Quadrennial Defense Review and the National Defense Strategy - ANS~ Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff National Security Council - ANS~ principal forum for national security policy requiring Presidential determination Unity of command in the Armed Forces of the United States starts with what? - ANS~ national strategic direction Apportionate forces - ANS~ forces made available for deliberate planning as of a certain date Assigned Forces - ANS~ forces belong to CCDR Types of Army Combatant Commands - ANS~ Geographical & Functional 2 main branches of Operational DOD - ANS~ Combatant Commands & Service Departments Facilitate Unity of Effort - ANS~ Achieving national strategic objectives requires the effective and efficient use of diplomatic, informational, military, and economic instruments of national power supported by inter-organizational coordination. What is the purpose of the Defense Acquisition System? - ANS~ Purpose: Manage the nation's investment in technology, programs, and product support necessary to achieve the National Security Strategy What is the objective of the Defense Acquisition System? - ANS~ Objective: Acquire quality products that satisfy user needs with measurable improvements to mission capability and operational support, in a timely manner, and at a fair and reasonable price. What's the difference between single Step and Evolutionary development approaches? - ANS~ With the Step approach, the user receives no useful capability until IOC (Initial Operational Capability). With the Evolutionary approach, the user receives incremental increases in capability as the technology base develops. What's the difference between incremental and spiral development acquisition strategy approaches? - ANS~ Incremental Development: End-state is known; requirements met over time in several increments. Spiral Development: End-state is not known; requirements for increments dependent upon technology maturation and user feedback. What are Exit Criteria? - ANS~ Program-specific accomplishments that must be satisfactorily demonstrated before a program can progress further in the current acquisition phase or transition to the next acquisition phase. Explain the purpose and name two activities of the Materiel Solution Analysis phase. - ANS~ Purpose: Assess potential materiel solutions Activities: Conduct AoA, develop Technology Development Strategy (TDS) & draft CDD. Explain the purpose and name two activities of the Technology Development phase. - ANS~ Purpose: Reduce Technology Risk, determine and mature appropriate set of technologies to be integrated into a full system, and to demonstrate Critical Technology Elements on Prototypes. Activities: Competitive prototyping; Develop RAM strategy; conduct Preliminary Design Review (PDR) Explain the purpose and name two activities of the Engineering and Manufacturing Development phase. - ANS~ Purpose: Develop a system or increment of capability, develop an affordable manufacturing process, minimize logistics footprint. Activities (Integrated System Design): Define System of System Functionality & Interfaces, Complete Detailed Design, System-Level PDR (as needed)/CDR, Establish Product Baseline. Activities (System Capability & Manufacturing Process Demonstration): Developmental Testing (DT) Assesses Progress Against Technical Parameters, and Operational Assessments (OA) Against CDD. Explain the purpose and name two activities of the Production and Deployment phase. - ANS~ Purpose: Achieve an operational Capability that satisfies mission needs. Activities (LRIP/IOT&E): IOT&E, LFT&E and Interoperability Testing of Production or Production-Representative Articles; IOC possible. Activities (Full-Rate Production & Deployment): Full-Rate Production; Fielding and Support of Fielded Systems; IOC/FOC What 3 program parameters are documented in an APB? - ANS~ Acquisition Program Baseline: Key Cost, Schedule, and Performance thresholds When is the APB updated and formally briefed/approved? - ANS~ The APB is updated and briefed at each Milestone Decision Brief What is the STA and what is its purpose? Who prepares it? - ANS~ System Threat Assessment: Describes the threat to be countered and the projected threat environment. The threat information must be validated by the DoD components for Acquisition Category (ACAT) II programs. Prepared by the appropriate Service or intelligence agency. What s the DAES and what is its purpose? Who submits it to whom? How often? - ANS~ Defense Acquisition Executive Summary (DAES) Report. Purpose: -Report program information, assessments, and comments from the PM, PEO, and CAE. -Highlight both potential and actual program problems to the USD(AT&L) before they become significant. What is a SAR and what is its purpose? Who submits it to whom? How often? - ANS~ Selected Acquisition Report (SAR): Provides standard, comprehensive summary reporting of cost, schedule, and performance information for major defense acquisition programs (MDAPs), both ACAT IC and D programs, within the Department of Defense (DoD) and to Congress. Required Annually for all ACAT 1 programs, Quarterly if there is a breach (6 month schedule slip or 15% cost increase) Submitted by PM to SECDEF (Ultimately goes to Congress) Doctrine - ANS~ a body of thought on how Army forces operate as an integral part of joint force. It establishes the following: How the Army views the nature of operations fundamentals by which Army forces conduct operations Methods by which commanders exercise mission command Unified Land Operations - ANS~ Describes how the Army seizes, retains, and exploits the initiative to gain and maintain position of relative advantage in **sustained land operations through simultaneous **offensive, **defensive and **stability operations in order to prevent or deter conflict, prevail in war and create conditions for favorable conflict resolution The Land Domain - ANS~ The distinguishing characteristic of the land domain is the presence of humans in large numbers Land power for the Nation - ANS~ The Army gives the United States land power. Land Power - ANS~ The ability---by threat, force, or occupation---to gain, sustain and exploit over land, resources and people Three Strategic roles - ANS~ Prevent; Shape; Win; Core Competencies - ANS~ (1) training and equipping Soldiers and growing leaders; and (2) providing relevant and ready land-power capability to the Combatant Commanders as part of the Joint Force. Enabling Competencies - ANS~ Support security cooperation; tailor forces for the combatant commander; Conduct entry operations; Provide Flexible mission command; Support joint and Army forces; Support domestic civil authorities; Mobilize and integrate the reserve component Joint Operations - ANS~ Support the National Security Strategy, National Defense Strategy, and National Military Strategy Interagency Activities - ANS~ The instruments of national power (DIME-diplomatic, informational, military and economic) Complement and reinforce each other Intergovernmental - ANS~ An organization created by a formal agreement between two or more governments The key concepts within the Army's operational doctrine are: - ANS~ The Army Operation Concept of unified land operations; The operational environment (OE); **Range of Military Operations (ROMO); Decisive Action; Combat Power (Eight Elements); Operational Art; **Information Superiority; **Strategic and Operational Reach Unified Actions - ANS~ Central synchronization coordination and/or integration of the activities of governmental and non-governmental entities with military operation to achieve unity of effort **Unified Land Operations - ANS~ Seize, retain, and exploit the initiative to gain and maintain a position of relative advantage in sustained land operations in order to create the conditions for favorable conflict resolution Defensive Operations - ANS~ To create conditions for counteroffensive that allows Army forces to gain the initiative Stability Operations - ANS~ aims to create conditions so that the local populace regards the situation as legitimate, acceptable, and predictable; aims to lessen the level of violence; aims to enable the function of governmental, economic, an societal institutions. encourages the general adherence to local laws, rules, and norms of behavior Combined Arms Manuever - ANS~ the application of the elements of combat power in unified action to **defeat enemy ground forces, to seize, occupy, and defend land areas; and to achieve physical, temporal and psychological advantages over the enemy to seize and exploit the initiative. Physical Advantage-may include the defeat or destruction of enemy forces or the control of key terrain, population centers, or critical resources and enablers A stability mechanism - ANS~ primary method through which forces affect civilians in order to attain conditions that support establishing a lasting, stable peace (compel, control, influence, and support) Mission Command War-fighting functions - ANS~ The related task and systems that develop and interpret those activities enabling a commander to balance the area of command and the span of control in order to integrate the other war fighting functions Army War-fighting functions - ANS~ Mission Command; Protection; Movement and Maneuver; Intelligence; Fires; Sustainment; The Operation Process - ANS~ The Army's Framework for exercising mission command What are the three types of Joint Forces? - ANS~ Combatant Command, Subordinate Unified Command, Joint Task Force (JP 3-33, Joint Task Force Headquarters) What is defined as the sequencing and execution of actions and events within a joint force headquarters that are regulated by the flow and sharing of information that support all decision cycles? - ANS~ Battle Rhythm What document is developed by the manpower and personnel directorate to identify all manpower requirements essential to the command and control of a joint force headquarters organization? - ANS~ Joint Manning Document (JMD) Strategic guidance can be vague, and the commander must interpret and clarify it of the staff. While national leaders and combatant commanders may have a clear strategic perspective of the problem, subordinate joint force commanders and their component commanders often have a better perspective of the situation at ____________ level. - ANS~ operational APEX is the department-level system of joint policies, processes, procedures, and reporting structures, and is the acronym for ______________________. - ANS~ Adaptive Planning and Execution The process that evaluates changes in the environment and measures progress of the joint force towards mission accomplishment is ________________. - ANS~ Assessment What is the term that describes the distance and duration across which a joint force can successfully employ its military capabilities? - ANS~ Operational Reach What is the umbrella term for various military missions, tasks, and activities conducted outside the United States in coordination with other instruments of national power to maintain or reestablish a safe and secure environment and to provide essential governmental services, emergency infrastructure reconstructions, and humanitarian relief? - ANS~ Stability Operations What word describes the change of focus between phases or between the ongoing operations and execution of a branch or sequel? - ANS~ Transition A __________________ is a series of tactical actions, such as battles, engagements, and strikes. - ANS~ major operation What are the Ranges of Military Operations? - ANS~ Major Operations and Campaigns, Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations, Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence. (JP 3-0, Joint Operations) What are the two basic forms of warfare that the U.S. military recognizes? - ANS~ Traditional and Irregular What are the three levels of warfare? - ANS~ Strategic, operational, and tactical. What are the four instruments of national power? - ANS~ Diplomatic, Informational, Military, and Economic (DIME). What are the two types of Combatant Commanders? - ANS~ Geographic and Functional What type of combatant command is U.S. Special Operations Command? - ANS~ Functional What are the two fundamental strategies in the use of military force? - ANS~ Annihilation and Erosion What are the joint functions? - ANS~ Command and control, intelligence, fires, movement and maneuver, protection, and sustainment Describe 'operational approach'. - ANS~ It is a commander's description of the broad actions the force must take to achieve the desired military end state. List the five elements of a mission statement? - ANS~ Who, what, when, where, and why True or False. Assessments use Measures of effectiveness (MOE) and Measures of Performance. MOE assesses whether the joint force is "doing the right things" and MOP assesses if the joint force is "doing things right." - ANS~ True Which level of war links the tactical employment of forces to the national and military strategic objectives? - ANS~ Operational Level What three things does strategic planning seek to align? - ANS~ Ends, ways, and means True or False. Contingency plans are developed in anticipation of a potential crisis outside of crisis conditions. - ANS~ True What are the three planning detail levels of a contingency plan? List from least detailed to most detailed. - ANS~ Commander's Estimate, Base Plan (BPLAN), Concept Plan (CONPLAN), and Operational Plan (OPLAN). A decisive point is a geographic place, specific key event, critical factor, or function that when acted upon, allows the commander to gain a _______________________ over an adversary or contributes materially to achieving ____________________. - ANS~ marked advantage, success What are the primary products of mission analysis? - ANS~ A: Staff Estimates, the mission statement, a refined operational approach, the commander's intent statement, updated planning guidance, and commander's critical information requirements. What is essential to solving a problem? - ANS~ Defining the problem JPP Seven Steps - ANS~ 1:Planning Initiation 2:Mission Analysis 3:Course of Action (COA) Development 4:COA Analysis and Wargaming 5:COA Comparison 6:COA Approval 7:Plan or Order Development Types of Forces - ANS~ -Assigned -Allocated -Apportioned Course of Actions Tests - ANS~ Suitable, Feasible, Acceptable, Distinguishable Complete Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment (JIPOE) is: - ANS~ The analytical process used to produce intelligence assessments, estimates, and other intelligence products in support of the JFC's decision making process. Operational Environment + Adversary Doctrine = - ANS~ Possible Courses of Action IPB is a microanalysis while JIPOE... - ANS~ emphasizes a holistic approach Who's responsible for JIPOE / IPB? - ANS~ JIPOE / IPB is the commander's, each staff officer's and subject matter experts responsibility What does JIPOE analysis focus on during High Intensity Conflict (HIC)? - ANS~ Conventional Composition Disposition Strength Tactics and operation Training Logistics Operational effectiveness Electronic technical data Personalities Miscellaneous data Four steps of JIPOE - ANS~ 1. Define the OE 2. Define the impact of the OE 3. Evaluate the Adversary 4. Determine the Adversary COA The physical dimension of the information environment focuses on - ANS~ Communication systems (C2, Infrastructures, physical platforms, etc.) The information dimension of the information environment focuses on - ANS~ Linking the physical and cognitive dimensions and focuses on computers, software, human operators and data The cognitive dimension of the information environment focuses on - ANS~ the minds of those who transmit, receive, and respond to information, such as perception of people, factors such as leadership, the populace and leadership. Center of Gravity (COG): - ANS~ The characteristic, capability, or locality from which a military force derives its freedom of action, physical strength, or will to fight What do we Analyze to determine the adversary system for potential COG: - ANS~ Leadership ; Systems essentials ; Infrastructure ; Population ; Fielded forces Strategic level COG is a source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom of action, or will to act, which include - ANS~ National Will Military Force Governance Legitimacy Influence War-making capacity Territory COG Analysis is a key step in the operational design Each COG should be - ANS~ tested and validated, and Continually updated as the battle progresses. What comes from the analysis of adversary doctrine & capabilities? - ANS~ Assets that the enemy commander requires for the successful completion of his mission HIGH VALUE TARGETS Geoffrey Parker's Factors of the 'Western Way of War - ANS~ Superior use of Technology, disicipline, continuity traditions, challenge and response dynamics, system of war finance Situation Templates are - ANS~ Graphic depiction of expected adversary force dispositions within the constraints of weather and terrain Event Matrix Supportsthe Event Template by - ANS~ Providing details on activity type in NAI Activity times Associated adversary COA's JIPOE and the decision making supports the JFC needs in operational planning and is the - ANS~ Basis for ISR direction and integration Adversary: - ANS~ A party acknowledged as potentially hostile to a friendly party and against which operations may be envisioned Target System: - ANS~ Enables the adversary to engage in hostile acts At the operational level, the JIPOE process supports - ANS~ target development by determining the anticipated times and locations where adversary targets are expected to appear. At the tactical level, JIPOE support may - ANS~ also include analysis of specific target composition and vulnerability. Analysis of specific target composition and vulnerability enables - ANS~ Target systems analysts to develop the specific battle damage indicators and MOPs to assess task accomplishment Vulnerability - ANS~ the physical susceptibility to damage, disruption, intrusion, interference, or other desired effects. Dispersion - ANS~ geographic distribution of the targets in a target system and/or target elements within a target Mobility - - ANS~ is a measure of the time required to shift a target's function from one location to another Countermeasures - - ANS~ the ability to counteract the potential disruptive activity of the friendly system through active and passive means Physical Characteristics - ANS~ analyzed to determine the target's susceptibility to damage, disruption, or other effect Target Development is - ANS~ The systematic examination of potential target systems — and their components, individual targets, and even elements of targets — to determine the action on each target to create an effect consistent with the commander's specific objectives. What is a target? - ANS~ A target is an entity with a function, usually falling into one of five target types Virtual - ANS~ A medium (i.e., non-tangible entities) that provides a function that contributes to a target system's capability Organization - ANS~ A group (i.e., a front company, corporation, etc.) that provides a function for the adversary Advanced Standard - ANS~ completes target characterization process to the degree that facilitates target engagement The offense is the - ANS~ decisive form of war While strategic, operational or tactical considerations may require defending for a period of time, defeat of the enemy eventually requires ________ - ANS~ shifting to the offense Army forces strike the enemy using offensive action in times, places or manners for which the enemy_____ - ANS~ is not prepared to seize, retain, and exploit the operational initiative. Operational Initiative - ANS~ is setting or dictating the terms of action throughout an operation. Main purposes of the offense - ANS~ Defeat, detroy, or neutralize the enemy force Additional purposes of conducting offensive tasks - ANS~ to secure decisive terrain, to deprive the enemy of resources, to gain information, to deceive and divert the enemy, to hold the enemy in position, to disrupt his attack and to set the conditions for future successful operations. Main feature of offensive tasks is - ANS~ taking and maintaining the initiative Aim of the commander in the offense is - ANS~ to expedite the outcome Characteristics of the conduct of offensive tasks and components of the initiative - ANS~ Audacity, concentration, surprise, and tempo What makes the conduct of decisive offensive tasks possible? - ANS~ Initiative within the commanders intent combined with maneuver and fires Key component of any successful offensive action - ANS~ Audacity Surprise delays - ANS~ enemy reactions, overloads and confuses enemy decisionmakers and command and control systems, induces psychological shock in enemy soldiers and leaders and reduces the coherence of the enemy defense. Ways commanders achieve surprise - ANS~ Varying the direction, timing, boldness, means, and force of the attack, being unpredictable, using military deception, cunning and guile also help to gain surprise Tempo - ANS~ is the rate of speed and rhythm of military operations over time with respect to the enemy reflects rate of military action; controlling or altering that rate is essential for maintaining the initiative The four primary offensive tasks are - ANS~ movement to contact, attack, exploitation and pursuit Goal of movement to contact - ANS~ make initial contact with a small element while retaining enough combat power to develop the situation and mitigate the associated risk. May also include preliminary diversionary actions and preparation fires If forces are not in contact then the central feature of the movement to contact is - ANS~ gaining or reestablishing contact with the enemy Attack - ANS~ offensive task that destroys or defeats enemy forces, seizes and secures terrain, or both Attack types - ANS~ ambush, counterattack, demonstration, spoiling attack, feint, and raid Force oriented objectives allow greater freedom of action than - ANS~ terrain oriented objectives Attack usually follows - ANS~ a movement to contact or after conduct of exploitations and pursuits and the conduct of defensive tasks. Exploitation follows - ANS~ conduction of successful attack Exploitation is designed to - ANS~ disorganize the enemy in depth In an exploitation, the attacker - ANS~ extends the destruction of the defending force by maintaining offensive pressure Enemy will more often attempt to - ANS~ disengage, withdraw and reconstitute an effective defense as rapidly as possible In a large scale exploitation operation, the enemy may - ANS~ attempt to draw forces from less active areas or bring forward previously uncommitted reserves. Pursuit - ANS~ offensive task designed to catch or cut off a hostile force attempting to escape, with the aim of destroying it ________ follows a successful attack or exploitation when the enemy cannot conduct an organized defense and attempts to disengage - ANS~ Pursuit Like exploitation, pursuit encompasses broad decentralization of - ANS~ control and rapid movement Unlike ______, commanders can rarely anticipate pursuit so they do not normally hold forces in reserve solely to accomplish this mission - ANS~ exploitation Requirements of commander to conduct a pursuit - ANS~ Bold action, calculated initiative, and accounting for the associated risks are required in the conduct of a pursuit Common offensive control measures that a commander uses to synchronize the effects of combat power during the conduct of offensive tasks - ANS~ position, assault time, attack-by-fire position, attack position, axis of advance, direction of attack, final coordination lines, limit of advance, lines of departure, objective, point of departure, probable line of deployment, rally point, support by fire position, and time of attack. Forms of maneuver - ANS~ envelopment, flank attack, frontal attack, infiltration, penetration, and turning movement Commanders use these forms of maneuver to orient on the ______ not the ______ - ANS~ enemy, not the terrain Combined arms warfare is characterized by - ANS~ the widespread application of highly accurate and lethal weapons, a high degree of tactical mobility, a dynamic nature, rapid situational changes, and the large spatial scope of unit areas of operations Tactical success occurs when - ANS~ the commander is able to first visualize the battlefield, understand the implications of existing friendly and enemy dispositions, and take effective action to impost the commander's will on the situation Commanders choose to defend to create conditions for - ANS~ a counteroffensive that allows army forces to regain the initiative Reasons for conducting a defense include - ANS~ to regain decisive terrain or deny a vital area to the enemy, to attrit or fix the enemy as a prelude to the offense, in response to surprise action by the enemy, or to increase the enemy's vulnerability by forcing the enemy to concentrate forces Characteristics of the defense - ANS~ disruption, flexibility, mass and concentration, preparation and security Disruption - ANS~ disrupt the attackers tempo and synchronization by constantly seeking to wrest the initiative from the attack and preventing the attacker from massing overwhelming combat power against elements of the defending force How to disrupt - ANS~ defeating of misleading enemy reconnaissance forces and disrupting the attacker's combat formations so that they cannot fight as part of an integrated whole Defenders seek to ________ the enemy's forces so that selected enemy units or capabilities can be isolated and then ____,____, or ______ - ANS~ separate defeated, destroyed, or neutralized The defender interrupts the attacker's - ANS~ fire support, sustainment, and command and control capabilities Defending commanders... - ANS~ decieve the enemy as to the true dispositions and intentions of friendly forces; unravel the coordination of the enemy's supporting arms; break the tempo of the offense Four major activities of the operation process - ANS~ plan, prepare, execute, and assess Three integrating processes commanders and staffs use in planning defense - ANS~ intelligence preparation of the battlefield, targeting, and risk management Commanders add flexibility to their basic plans by - ANS~ organizing their defense in depth, retaining reserves, designing counterattack plans, and preparing to assume the offensive Preparation involves - ANS~ positioning forces in depth; improving terrain to favor the defense; wargaming plans; integrating available fires into those plans; organizing the force for movement and support ; rehearsing and taking measures to protect the force Purpose of security - ANS~ to coordinate and synchronize the defense, to prove early warning, and to begin the process of disrupting the integrity of the enemy attack as early as possible Primary physical means for providing security is by the use of a - ANS~ security force The higher commander can assign the security force the task of - ANS~ cover, guard, screen or area security for the protected force 3 basic defensive tasks - ANS~ area defense; mobile defense ; retrograde Area defense - ANS~ concentrates on denying enemy forces access to designated terrain for a specific time rather than destroying the enemy outright Mobile defense - ANS~ concentrates on the destruction or defeat of the enemy through a decisive attack by a striking force; allows enemy to advance into a position that exposes the enemy to counterattack by the striking force; Retrograde - ANS~ involves organized movement away from the enemy Three forms of retrograde - ANS~ delay, withdrawal, and retirement Delaying operation - ANS~ an operation in which a force under pressure trades space for time by slowing down the enemy's momentum and inflicting max damage on the enemy without, in principle, becoming decisively engaged Withdrawal operation - ANS~ planned retrograde operation in which a force in contact disengages from an enemy force and moves in a direction away from the enemy Retirement - ANS~ form of retrograde in which a force out of contact moves away from the enemy In each form of retrograde, a force ____ - ANS~ moves to another location Defending commanders conduct all three defensive tasks (area, mobile, and retrograde) to - ANS~ delay, canalize and ultimately halt the attacker and dynamic elements (spoiling attacks and counterattacks) to strike at and destroy enemy forces 5 primary stability tasks - ANS~ Establish civil security; Establish Civil Control; Restore essential services; Support to governance; Supports to economic and infrastructure development Purpose of establishing civil security - ANS~ provide safety of host nation and it's population- internal and external threats Establish civil control purpose - ANS~ institute rule of law and stable effective governance When restoring essential services, military forces will ______ or ______most essential civil services ( EX's) - ANS~ establish or restore ; food, water, shelter, medical support Support of governance- when will military support be necessary to support the state - ANS~ when host nation government can't perform basic civil functions; When supporting governance focus on restoring public administration and resuming public services Goldwater-Nichols Act (1986) - ANS~ 1) CJCS elevated to principle military advisor (to Pres, SecDef, NSC, HSC) 2) JCS senior advisors to CJCS 3) CJCS gets a Vice 4) CJCS granted authority over JCS 5) Joint duty requirements 6) SecDef uses CJCS as channel to CCDRs Organizational Options within CCMDs - ANS~ 1) Service Component Commands (rq'd) 2) Function component commands 3) Subordinate unified commands 4) Single Service Forces 5) Specific operational forces 6) JTFs Five Domains of Joint Doctrine - ANS~ 1) Space and 2) Information (includes Cyber) 3) Air 4) Maritime 5) Land Principles of Joint Operations (MOOSE-MUSS +RPL) - ANS~ 1) Mass 2) Objective 3) Offensive 4) Security 5) Economy of Force 6) Maneuver 7) Unity of Command 8) Surprise 9) Simplicity 10) Restraint 11) Perseverance 12) Legitimacy Joint Common Operating Precepts - ANS~ 1) Inform domestic audiences; influence foreign audiences 2) Unity of Effort 3) Leverage benefits of partners 4) Integrate Joint Capabilities to be complementary 5) Avoid combining capabilities if unneeded 6) Freedom of action 7) Maintain Flexibility 8) Plan transitions (time and space) 9) Drive synergy to the lowest echelon Categories of ROMO (Range of Military Operations) - ANS~ 1) Ongoing Secu