CHEM 210 - Biochemistry - Module 1

CHEM 210 - Biochemistry - Module 1 What do Biochemists study? - ANS 1. The relationship between structure and function of biomolecules 2. Chemical reactions of organisms 3. Communication within and among organisms Smaller elements are favored because they can form stable covalent bonds. T or F - ANS True. Strong bonds form by significant overlap of atoms, such as carbon and hydrogen, allowing them to share electrons. What is the bond angle of a Linear molecule? - ANS 180 degrees What is the bond angle of a Trigonal Planar? - ANS 120 degrees What is the bond angle of a Trigonal Pyramidal? - ANS 107.5 degrees what is the bond angle of Tetrahedral? - ANS 109.5 degrees What is carbon referred to in the chemical world? - ANS The superglue What does organic chemistry study? - ANS Focuses on the chemical and physical properties of carbon compounds What does inorganic chemistry study? - ANS The field dealing with metals, minerals, and other non-organic compounds How many bonds can a Carbon form? - ANS 4! Due to having 4 valence electrons What is a long chain of carbons called? - ANS Polymers What is a cyclic compound? - ANS Carbons joined together in a closed chain What are carbon compounds called? - ANS Alkanes Condensed structures give a better idea of a molecules structure, compared to chemical formula. T or F - ANS T Structural formula gives an even better idea of a molecules structure, compared to chemical formula - ANS T Advantage of cyclic carbon compounds - ANS They are more restricted in their movements and orientation - advantageous for building structures and maintaining shape Carbon can form double and triple bonds with other carbon atoms or atoms of other elements. T or F - ANS T Line-bond Drawing - ANS Most efficient method to show structure, but requires the most interpretation. Functional group - ANS specific arrangement of atoms; they define the chemistry of the molecule and control the properties of the compound. What dictates the chemical and physical properties of compounds, including biochemical compounds? - ANS The structure Biomolecules - ANS Molecules that are part of the cell or molecules that are excreted by cells. Macromolecules - ANS large biomolecules Molecular mass of a Macromolecule - ANS 5,000 g/mol or greater What are daltons used for? - ANS Larger molecules use Daltons for mass. 1 Da = 1 g/mol Larger molecules develop more complex structures. T or F - ANS T What is 25,000 Da in Kilodaltons - ANS 25 kDa Monomers - ANS Single, smallest building block used to build macromolecules. What is the monomer of DNA? Of proteins? Of carbohydrates? - ANS Nucleotide; Amino Acids; Sugar molecule Supramolecular Complexes - ANS A complex of two or more macromolecules that routinely interact to function in the cell What is the purpose of a supramolecular complex? - ANS The macromolecules retain individual units but stick to one another for a time to accomplish a task and then often break apart once the job is done. All cells are defined by a _____ - ANS Plasma membrane (or cellular membrane) What is the plasma membrane made of? - ANS Lipids and non-polar proteins, making it impermeable to water, ions, and large molecules. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes - ANS Prokaryotes include bacteria and other single celled organisms. Eukaryotes are the larger multicellular organisms that include algae, fungi, plants, and animals. Main difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. - ANS Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles while prokaryotes do not. What are the 3 Phylogeny? - ANS Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Where do Bacteria live? - ANS Soil, water, intestines, and on our skin. Where do Archaea live? - ANS Extreme environments, such as hot springs, acidic bogs, and the ocean floor. Prokaryote Organelles/Structures - ANS Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nuclei (with genome inside), ribosomes, metabolome Eukaryotes Organelles/Structures - ANS Plasma membrane, Double membrane, Nucleus (surrounded by nuclear envelope)(with genome inside), ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, Peroxisome, lysosome or vacuole, mitochondria, cell wall, cytoskeleton What organelles have a function of breaking down? - ANS Peroxisome, Lysosome or vacuole What produces energy? - ANS Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Double Membrane - ANS (in Eukaryotes) separate from the rest of a cell. Nucleus - ANS (in Eukaryotes) Ribosomes - ANS (Supramolecular complex in Eukaryotes and prokaryotes) synthesize proteins Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS (in Eukaryotes) form lipids Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS synthesize and process proteins Golgi apparatus - ANS (Eukaryotes) Receives the products from the rough ER on their way to a final destination; organizes Vacuole - ANS (In Eukaryotes) in plants, fungi, and other organisms, it replaces the lysosome by having digestive enzymes but largely function as storage. Cellular Respiration - ANS Produces ATP Nucleiod - ANS (In prokaryotes) localized area, not separate from cytoplasm. Takes up about 20% of cell volume. Contains the genome