MCB2010 Exam:2
metabolism - ANS-the sum of all chemical reactions(anabolic and catobolic) within a
living organism. OR and energy balance act
anabolism - ANS-(synthesis), chemical reactions in which energy is used to synthesize
large molecules from simpler componenets
Example: 1) Amino acid + Amino acid
2) capsule synthesis in bacteria
dehydration syntheisis - ANS-removal of water to create a larger molecule
catabolism - ANS-(hydrolysis), the chemical breakdown of complex molecules into
simpler substances. this process release energy
-Uses water
-break down of capsule under unfavorable conditions
simpler enzymes(pure enzymes) - ANS-100% protein
holoenzymes - ANS-consists of a protein portion(apoenzyme) and a non protein
portion(coezyme or cofactor)
enzyme - ANS-(organic catalysts), speed up rate of reactions
-proteins produced by living cells that change the rate of a reaction without being
consumes by the reaaction
-always function greatly/optimal when their is more substrate than enzyme
ribozymes - ANS-a special type of RNA that has active sites
apoenzyme - ANS-protein portion of holoenzyme
substrate - ANS-substance on which enzyme works
-lactose, sugar, gelatin
-attaches to active site
active site - ANS-(catalytic site), the special portion of an enzyme that attaches to the
substrate
,Coenzyme - ANS-is an organic molecule such as: vitamin K which is used in electron
transport chain and folic acid that is used in the synthesis of nuclei acids
NON PROTEIN PORTION OF HOLOENZYME
Cofactor - ANS-is an inorganic ion such as magnesium,zinc, or manganese,
NON PROTEIN PORTION OF HOLOENZYME
Holoenzyme - ANS-to create this you need
-Apoenzyme and cofactor
Or
-Apoenzyme and Coenzyme
oxidoreductases - ANS-cytochrome oxidase
transferases - ANS-move a group (C,N,P, or S) from one substrate to another
Example: ALANINE DEAMINASE( Removes amino group and add it to another group)
hydrolases - ANS-add water to break covalent bonds
EXAMPLE: sucrase, maltose
lyases - ANS-break covalent bonds without adding water
Example: Isocitrate lyase
isomerases - ANS-rearrangements of atoms within a molecule
Example: glucose-phosphate Isomerase(glycolsis step one)
true - ANS-all proteins/enzymes are made inside of the cell
-because ribosome are made inside of the cell
-ribosomes makes protein
ligases - ANS-join two molecule to form a larger molecule
Example: DNA-LIGASE
-dna replication
constitutive enzymes - ANS-made constant, enzymes made all of the time
-enzymes are involved in cellular respiration
Inducible(adaptive) enzymes - ANS-made when substrate is present
-protein(enzymes made when they are needed)
, temperature, PH, and substrate - ANS-factors influencing enzymatic activity
true - ANS-enzymes work better when their is more substrate than enyzmes
competitive inhibition - ANS-a molecule similar to a substrate can bind to an enzymes
active site and prevent the formation of end products
Example: replacement of Para-Amino Benzoic
acid(PABA) with sulfamilamide
Non-competitive inhibtion - ANS-substances such as lead and other heavy metals
attach to the enzyme at alosteric site(other site) and alter the shape of the active site
-when heavy metals bind to alosteric site, substrate can not get in because active site
changes resulting to end product
Feedback inhibition(End product inhibition) - ANS-the inhibitor( end product) attaches to
the allosteric site of the enzyme when it is plentiful and is released when it is in short
supply
-shape changes because some extra end product binded to alosteric site
FALSE(are not required but preferred) - ANS-carbohydrate are required for aerobic
respiration(TRUE OR FALSE)
-are not required but preferred
false - ANS-pyruvic acid enters into kreb cycle
-because it is converted into AcetyCoA which enters kreb cycle
Aerobic respiration of carbohyrates - ANS-it is a process in which carbohydrates are
completely oxidized into H2O and energy(ATP). it involves the following three major
steps:
1)Glycolysis
2)Kreb Cycle
3)Electron transport chain
Glycolysis - ANS-End product:
(2)Two molecules of pyruvic acid (which enters the transition reaction not kreb cycle)
(4) Four gross ATP(net gain 2 ATP)(ENTERS CELLULAR ACTIVITY)
(2) Two NADH(enters electron transport chain)
2 NADH - ANS-during transition reaction: pyruvic acid is converted into Acetyl-CoA,
which than enters the bloodstream
metabolism - ANS-the sum of all chemical reactions(anabolic and catobolic) within a
living organism. OR and energy balance act
anabolism - ANS-(synthesis), chemical reactions in which energy is used to synthesize
large molecules from simpler componenets
Example: 1) Amino acid + Amino acid
2) capsule synthesis in bacteria
dehydration syntheisis - ANS-removal of water to create a larger molecule
catabolism - ANS-(hydrolysis), the chemical breakdown of complex molecules into
simpler substances. this process release energy
-Uses water
-break down of capsule under unfavorable conditions
simpler enzymes(pure enzymes) - ANS-100% protein
holoenzymes - ANS-consists of a protein portion(apoenzyme) and a non protein
portion(coezyme or cofactor)
enzyme - ANS-(organic catalysts), speed up rate of reactions
-proteins produced by living cells that change the rate of a reaction without being
consumes by the reaaction
-always function greatly/optimal when their is more substrate than enzyme
ribozymes - ANS-a special type of RNA that has active sites
apoenzyme - ANS-protein portion of holoenzyme
substrate - ANS-substance on which enzyme works
-lactose, sugar, gelatin
-attaches to active site
active site - ANS-(catalytic site), the special portion of an enzyme that attaches to the
substrate
,Coenzyme - ANS-is an organic molecule such as: vitamin K which is used in electron
transport chain and folic acid that is used in the synthesis of nuclei acids
NON PROTEIN PORTION OF HOLOENZYME
Cofactor - ANS-is an inorganic ion such as magnesium,zinc, or manganese,
NON PROTEIN PORTION OF HOLOENZYME
Holoenzyme - ANS-to create this you need
-Apoenzyme and cofactor
Or
-Apoenzyme and Coenzyme
oxidoreductases - ANS-cytochrome oxidase
transferases - ANS-move a group (C,N,P, or S) from one substrate to another
Example: ALANINE DEAMINASE( Removes amino group and add it to another group)
hydrolases - ANS-add water to break covalent bonds
EXAMPLE: sucrase, maltose
lyases - ANS-break covalent bonds without adding water
Example: Isocitrate lyase
isomerases - ANS-rearrangements of atoms within a molecule
Example: glucose-phosphate Isomerase(glycolsis step one)
true - ANS-all proteins/enzymes are made inside of the cell
-because ribosome are made inside of the cell
-ribosomes makes protein
ligases - ANS-join two molecule to form a larger molecule
Example: DNA-LIGASE
-dna replication
constitutive enzymes - ANS-made constant, enzymes made all of the time
-enzymes are involved in cellular respiration
Inducible(adaptive) enzymes - ANS-made when substrate is present
-protein(enzymes made when they are needed)
, temperature, PH, and substrate - ANS-factors influencing enzymatic activity
true - ANS-enzymes work better when their is more substrate than enyzmes
competitive inhibition - ANS-a molecule similar to a substrate can bind to an enzymes
active site and prevent the formation of end products
Example: replacement of Para-Amino Benzoic
acid(PABA) with sulfamilamide
Non-competitive inhibtion - ANS-substances such as lead and other heavy metals
attach to the enzyme at alosteric site(other site) and alter the shape of the active site
-when heavy metals bind to alosteric site, substrate can not get in because active site
changes resulting to end product
Feedback inhibition(End product inhibition) - ANS-the inhibitor( end product) attaches to
the allosteric site of the enzyme when it is plentiful and is released when it is in short
supply
-shape changes because some extra end product binded to alosteric site
FALSE(are not required but preferred) - ANS-carbohydrate are required for aerobic
respiration(TRUE OR FALSE)
-are not required but preferred
false - ANS-pyruvic acid enters into kreb cycle
-because it is converted into AcetyCoA which enters kreb cycle
Aerobic respiration of carbohyrates - ANS-it is a process in which carbohydrates are
completely oxidized into H2O and energy(ATP). it involves the following three major
steps:
1)Glycolysis
2)Kreb Cycle
3)Electron transport chain
Glycolysis - ANS-End product:
(2)Two molecules of pyruvic acid (which enters the transition reaction not kreb cycle)
(4) Four gross ATP(net gain 2 ATP)(ENTERS CELLULAR ACTIVITY)
(2) Two NADH(enters electron transport chain)
2 NADH - ANS-during transition reaction: pyruvic acid is converted into Acetyl-CoA,
which than enters the bloodstream
