12 mark
Examine the differences between economic and cultural globalisation
I- Economic globalisation refers mostly to governmental influence
D- The actions of IGOs (both state and non-state)
Trade liberalisation
Cultural is the transmission of ideas between people
Homogenisation
Diffusion
E- Cultural globalisation can occur through migration flows, for example the invention of the
tikka masala in glasgow
Economic globalisation occurs through the IMF or the EU- where governments carry direct
influence
A-Cultural globalisation can occur through governmental actions- increasing flows of
migration
I- Cultural globalisation is more limited
D- Glocalisation limits the creation of a monoculture
Fears surrounding homogenisation
Economic globalisation is explicit- can cause widespread changes quickly
E- Establishment of a FTA- e.g ASEAN
Spread of neoliberal values through IMF SAPS
Resistance across Europe (Meloni) prevent migration flows which limit cultural globalisation
A- Cultural globalisation is long-term - spread of Americanisation in Southern America
Consumerism
Economic globalisation can still suit the culture of a country
,Examine the controversies that surround both political and economic globalisation
I- IGOs are western dominated
D- Structure of UNSC is western dominated
Capacity for veto
IMF and World Bank orchestrate neoliberal values
Threaten state sovereignty
E- US veto of Israel-Palestine resolutions - October 2023 veto of humanitarian pause
SAPS in IMF force countries into austerity
A- SAPS are opted into by the states
Provides a platform for diplomacy
I- Economic globalisation leads to worker exploitation and monopolisation
D- MNCs offshore manufacture to countries with lower human rights
‘Race to the bottom’
Giant companies control the market
E- Rana Plaza in Bangladesh collapse (1000 killed) Primark outsources to there
Amazon does not have a lot of competition
A- Also provides opportunity for waged work and can drive down prices
Tax revenue for manufacturing country
Infrastructure development
, Examine the tensions between globalisation and state sovereignty
I- IGOs can threaten state sovereignty
D- SAPs and loan conditions may undermine ideology of the state
Promote global free trade, leaves countries behind if they do not subscribe
Spread of neoliberal ideology
Washington consensus
E- IMF loan conditions 2020-18 in Greece
NAFTA lead to Mexico exploited and left behind
A- Participation in an IGO is optional
Participation in an FTA allows for united economic advantages
I- The creation and expansion of FTA
D- Leads to the interconnectedness of economies
Complex interdependence
Vulnerability
Can force states to act abnormally
E- e.g 2008 global financial crisis
The EU’s Eurozone
A- Pooling of sovereignty??
UK was able to leave EU and did not opt into the Eurozone
Examine the differences between economic and cultural globalisation
I- Economic globalisation refers mostly to governmental influence
D- The actions of IGOs (both state and non-state)
Trade liberalisation
Cultural is the transmission of ideas between people
Homogenisation
Diffusion
E- Cultural globalisation can occur through migration flows, for example the invention of the
tikka masala in glasgow
Economic globalisation occurs through the IMF or the EU- where governments carry direct
influence
A-Cultural globalisation can occur through governmental actions- increasing flows of
migration
I- Cultural globalisation is more limited
D- Glocalisation limits the creation of a monoculture
Fears surrounding homogenisation
Economic globalisation is explicit- can cause widespread changes quickly
E- Establishment of a FTA- e.g ASEAN
Spread of neoliberal values through IMF SAPS
Resistance across Europe (Meloni) prevent migration flows which limit cultural globalisation
A- Cultural globalisation is long-term - spread of Americanisation in Southern America
Consumerism
Economic globalisation can still suit the culture of a country
,Examine the controversies that surround both political and economic globalisation
I- IGOs are western dominated
D- Structure of UNSC is western dominated
Capacity for veto
IMF and World Bank orchestrate neoliberal values
Threaten state sovereignty
E- US veto of Israel-Palestine resolutions - October 2023 veto of humanitarian pause
SAPS in IMF force countries into austerity
A- SAPS are opted into by the states
Provides a platform for diplomacy
I- Economic globalisation leads to worker exploitation and monopolisation
D- MNCs offshore manufacture to countries with lower human rights
‘Race to the bottom’
Giant companies control the market
E- Rana Plaza in Bangladesh collapse (1000 killed) Primark outsources to there
Amazon does not have a lot of competition
A- Also provides opportunity for waged work and can drive down prices
Tax revenue for manufacturing country
Infrastructure development
, Examine the tensions between globalisation and state sovereignty
I- IGOs can threaten state sovereignty
D- SAPs and loan conditions may undermine ideology of the state
Promote global free trade, leaves countries behind if they do not subscribe
Spread of neoliberal ideology
Washington consensus
E- IMF loan conditions 2020-18 in Greece
NAFTA lead to Mexico exploited and left behind
A- Participation in an IGO is optional
Participation in an FTA allows for united economic advantages
I- The creation and expansion of FTA
D- Leads to the interconnectedness of economies
Complex interdependence
Vulnerability
Can force states to act abnormally
E- e.g 2008 global financial crisis
The EU’s Eurozone
A- Pooling of sovereignty??
UK was able to leave EU and did not opt into the Eurozone
