A Level Psychology PAPER 1 Key
Studies Exam With Complete Solutions!!
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -- Created the
Multi-Store Model of Memory
- Includes the sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory
Walsh and Thompson (1978) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Duration of the
SR
- Said the iconic store has an average duration of 500 milliseconds
- Decreases as individuals get older
- Suggests duration is limited and dependant on age
Baddeley (1966) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Coding in the STM
- Participants given list acoustically similar words performed the worst (10%)
- Recall for other lists was around 60-80%
- Acoustic confusion suggests the STM is coded acoustically
Coding in the LTM
- Participants given semantically similar words performed the worst (55%)
- Recall for other lists was around 70-85%
- Semantic confusion suggests the LTM is coded semantically
Jacobs (1887) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Capacity of the STM
- People could recall 7 digits but 9 items for letters in an immediate recall task
- Letters have probably been rehearsed more individually than every number
Simon (1974) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Capacity of the STM
- Said the effectiveness of chunking varies with the material being recalled and the
amount of information within the chunks
Daneman and Carpenter (1980) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Capacity of
the STM
- Found capacity varies between 5 and 20 chunks
- It is different between those with advanced and poor reading comprehension
- Suggests practice affects STM capacity
Peterson and Peterson (1959) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Duration of
the STM
- Got students to recall 3 letters (trigrams) after longer and longer intervals
- 90% were recalled correctly after 3 seconds
- 5% after 18 seconds
- Suggests duration is between 20-30 seconds
,Reitman (1974) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Duration of the STM
- Suggests the brief duration of the STM is due to displacement as it has a limited
capacity
Nelson and Rothbart (1972) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Coding in the
LTM
- Showed acoustic coding also occurs in the LTM memory
- Participants made recall errors involving homophones (air+heir)
- Suggests there are different varieties
Anokhin (1973) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Capacity of the LTM
- Concluded the number of possible neuronal connections in the brain is 1 followed by
10.5 million km of naughts
Bahrick (1975) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Duration of the LTM
- Found people remember some information such as names and faces for a lifetime
- Shows the LTM is semantically coded
Baddeley and Hitch (1974) - the working memory model - ANSWER -- Created the
working memory model
- Includes the central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad and episodic
buffer
Baddeley - the working memory model - ANSWER -The central executive
- Found it difficult to generate lists of numbers while pressing letters on a keyboard
- Suggests the two tasks were competing for CE resources which has a limited capacity
The central executive
- Found participants had more difficulty doing visual tasks than doing both visual and
verbal tasks
- Shows there must be separate slave systems as they weren't having to compete
The phonological loop
- Found participants recalled more short words in order than longer words
- Suggests the capacity of the PL is set by how long it takes to say words rather than
the actual word
Torjani and Grossi (1995) - the working memory model - ANSWER -The phonological
loop
- Found SC had brain damage affecting functioning of his PL but not his VSS
- Suggests they are separate
Klauer and Zhao (2004) - the working memory model - ANSWER -Visuo-spatial
sketchpad
- Found more interference between two visual tasks than a visual and spatial task
, - Indicates the visual cache and inner scribe are seperate
Prabhakaran et al (2000) - the working memory model - ANSWER -The episodic buffer
- Found greater right-frontal brain activation for combined verbal and spatial information
- Found greater posterior activation for non-combined information
- Biological evidence for the episodic buffer allowing temporary storage
Alkhalifa (2009) - the working memory model - ANSWER -The episodic buffer
- Found a patient with a damaged LTM had a capacity of 25 prose items in their STM
- Exceeds the PL and VSS capacity suggesting the EB holds extra items
Shallice and Warrington (1970) - the working memory model - ANSWER -- Clinical
support for the WMM
- Indicates there is more than one type of STM
- Studied the patient KF, who suffered brain damage
- He had trouble remembering verbal information but his visual memory was unaffected
- Suggests only his PL was damaged, showing the existence of separate visual and
acoustic stores
Braver (1997) - the working memory model - ANSWER -- Brain scan study
- Found greater activity in the left prefrontal cortex as tasks become harder
- When demands of the CE increase, it has to work harder
Tulving (1985) - types of long-term memory - ANSWER -- Proposed the three long-term
stores
- Episodic, semantic and procedural memory
Herlitz et al (1997) - types of long-term memory - ANSWER -Episodic memory
- Found females performed better on tasks requiring episodic LTM
- Explained by females generally having deeper emotional experiences
Vicari (2007) - types of long-term memory - ANSWER -Semantic memory
- Studied CL
- He showed poor episodic LTM and creating new memories
- He was still able to create and recall semantic memories
- Suggests they are separate systems
Finke (2012) - types of long-term memory - ANSWER -Procedural memory
- Studied PM
- He had no episodic or semantic memory but could still play complex pieces of music
(procedural)
Clive Wearing - types of long-term memory - ANSWER -- Clinical evidence
- Had no episodic memory but he could play the piano
- Suggests the episodic and semantic stores are separate from the procedural store
Studies Exam With Complete Solutions!!
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -- Created the
Multi-Store Model of Memory
- Includes the sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory
Walsh and Thompson (1978) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Duration of the
SR
- Said the iconic store has an average duration of 500 milliseconds
- Decreases as individuals get older
- Suggests duration is limited and dependant on age
Baddeley (1966) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Coding in the STM
- Participants given list acoustically similar words performed the worst (10%)
- Recall for other lists was around 60-80%
- Acoustic confusion suggests the STM is coded acoustically
Coding in the LTM
- Participants given semantically similar words performed the worst (55%)
- Recall for other lists was around 70-85%
- Semantic confusion suggests the LTM is coded semantically
Jacobs (1887) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Capacity of the STM
- People could recall 7 digits but 9 items for letters in an immediate recall task
- Letters have probably been rehearsed more individually than every number
Simon (1974) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Capacity of the STM
- Said the effectiveness of chunking varies with the material being recalled and the
amount of information within the chunks
Daneman and Carpenter (1980) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Capacity of
the STM
- Found capacity varies between 5 and 20 chunks
- It is different between those with advanced and poor reading comprehension
- Suggests practice affects STM capacity
Peterson and Peterson (1959) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Duration of
the STM
- Got students to recall 3 letters (trigrams) after longer and longer intervals
- 90% were recalled correctly after 3 seconds
- 5% after 18 seconds
- Suggests duration is between 20-30 seconds
,Reitman (1974) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Duration of the STM
- Suggests the brief duration of the STM is due to displacement as it has a limited
capacity
Nelson and Rothbart (1972) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Coding in the
LTM
- Showed acoustic coding also occurs in the LTM memory
- Participants made recall errors involving homophones (air+heir)
- Suggests there are different varieties
Anokhin (1973) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Capacity of the LTM
- Concluded the number of possible neuronal connections in the brain is 1 followed by
10.5 million km of naughts
Bahrick (1975) - multi-store model of memory - ANSWER -Duration of the LTM
- Found people remember some information such as names and faces for a lifetime
- Shows the LTM is semantically coded
Baddeley and Hitch (1974) - the working memory model - ANSWER -- Created the
working memory model
- Includes the central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad and episodic
buffer
Baddeley - the working memory model - ANSWER -The central executive
- Found it difficult to generate lists of numbers while pressing letters on a keyboard
- Suggests the two tasks were competing for CE resources which has a limited capacity
The central executive
- Found participants had more difficulty doing visual tasks than doing both visual and
verbal tasks
- Shows there must be separate slave systems as they weren't having to compete
The phonological loop
- Found participants recalled more short words in order than longer words
- Suggests the capacity of the PL is set by how long it takes to say words rather than
the actual word
Torjani and Grossi (1995) - the working memory model - ANSWER -The phonological
loop
- Found SC had brain damage affecting functioning of his PL but not his VSS
- Suggests they are separate
Klauer and Zhao (2004) - the working memory model - ANSWER -Visuo-spatial
sketchpad
- Found more interference between two visual tasks than a visual and spatial task
, - Indicates the visual cache and inner scribe are seperate
Prabhakaran et al (2000) - the working memory model - ANSWER -The episodic buffer
- Found greater right-frontal brain activation for combined verbal and spatial information
- Found greater posterior activation for non-combined information
- Biological evidence for the episodic buffer allowing temporary storage
Alkhalifa (2009) - the working memory model - ANSWER -The episodic buffer
- Found a patient with a damaged LTM had a capacity of 25 prose items in their STM
- Exceeds the PL and VSS capacity suggesting the EB holds extra items
Shallice and Warrington (1970) - the working memory model - ANSWER -- Clinical
support for the WMM
- Indicates there is more than one type of STM
- Studied the patient KF, who suffered brain damage
- He had trouble remembering verbal information but his visual memory was unaffected
- Suggests only his PL was damaged, showing the existence of separate visual and
acoustic stores
Braver (1997) - the working memory model - ANSWER -- Brain scan study
- Found greater activity in the left prefrontal cortex as tasks become harder
- When demands of the CE increase, it has to work harder
Tulving (1985) - types of long-term memory - ANSWER -- Proposed the three long-term
stores
- Episodic, semantic and procedural memory
Herlitz et al (1997) - types of long-term memory - ANSWER -Episodic memory
- Found females performed better on tasks requiring episodic LTM
- Explained by females generally having deeper emotional experiences
Vicari (2007) - types of long-term memory - ANSWER -Semantic memory
- Studied CL
- He showed poor episodic LTM and creating new memories
- He was still able to create and recall semantic memories
- Suggests they are separate systems
Finke (2012) - types of long-term memory - ANSWER -Procedural memory
- Studied PM
- He had no episodic or semantic memory but could still play complex pieces of music
(procedural)
Clive Wearing - types of long-term memory - ANSWER -- Clinical evidence
- Had no episodic memory but he could play the piano
- Suggests the episodic and semantic stores are separate from the procedural store
