Gene Mutations
They are random spontaneous
Rateof mutationincreased by mutagenicagents ionisingradiation eguvlight no
i
6types
Baseadded
causes frameshift tothe right all tripletsafteradditionaltered
2 Deletion
Baseremoved
causes frameshift to the left all tripletsafterdeletionaltered
3 Substitution
onebaseswappedwithanotherbase
silent codesfor sameAA asgeneticcodedegenerate
nonsense codes for stopcodon
missense codesfordifferentAA
4 Duplication
a base duplicates replicatesitself effectively an addition
causes frameshift
5 Inversion
a fewbases are removed flippedin oppositedirection thenreinserted
6 Translocation
a sectionof chromosome is removedandplacedonto another chromosome
,How mutationsaffectprotein swore
DNAbasesequencechanged by addsubetc trybemorespecific
mRNAbase sequencechanged
ERNAbringsdifferentAA so 10 snare of proteinchanges
H ionic disulfidebondsformin differentplaces
30structurechanges
protein non functional leads to eg enzyme notcomplementary tosubstrate
If mutationoccursin adultbodycell
nothingcould happen silentmutation
forms non functional protein
forms cancerous cell alters Tsal oncogene
If mutation occursinzygote
incorporatedinto an cells of baby could be good or bad
death
t
higherchance
of survival t reproduction
, Stem cells
can dividebymitosis an unlimitednumberof times
can differentiate into differenttypesof cells
Toti
potent
can divide differentiate into anytypeof bodycell
onlypresent in first fewdivisionsof embryo I first8cells
theythenbecomepluripotent
Pluripotent
present in thenextfew divisions
i
can divide t differentiateinto all typesof car apartfromplacental
eg embryonicstemcells
Multipotent
can divideand differentiate into manytypesof cell
egbonemarrowstemcells sbloodcells
Unipotent
can divide t differentiateintoonetypeof cellonly
mostcells in matureanimalsunipotent
eg cardiomyocytes heartmusclecells
They are random spontaneous
Rateof mutationincreased by mutagenicagents ionisingradiation eguvlight no
i
6types
Baseadded
causes frameshift tothe right all tripletsafteradditionaltered
2 Deletion
Baseremoved
causes frameshift to the left all tripletsafterdeletionaltered
3 Substitution
onebaseswappedwithanotherbase
silent codesfor sameAA asgeneticcodedegenerate
nonsense codes for stopcodon
missense codesfordifferentAA
4 Duplication
a base duplicates replicatesitself effectively an addition
causes frameshift
5 Inversion
a fewbases are removed flippedin oppositedirection thenreinserted
6 Translocation
a sectionof chromosome is removedandplacedonto another chromosome
,How mutationsaffectprotein swore
DNAbasesequencechanged by addsubetc trybemorespecific
mRNAbase sequencechanged
ERNAbringsdifferentAA so 10 snare of proteinchanges
H ionic disulfidebondsformin differentplaces
30structurechanges
protein non functional leads to eg enzyme notcomplementary tosubstrate
If mutationoccursin adultbodycell
nothingcould happen silentmutation
forms non functional protein
forms cancerous cell alters Tsal oncogene
If mutation occursinzygote
incorporatedinto an cells of baby could be good or bad
death
t
higherchance
of survival t reproduction
, Stem cells
can dividebymitosis an unlimitednumberof times
can differentiate into differenttypesof cells
Toti
potent
can divide differentiate into anytypeof bodycell
onlypresent in first fewdivisionsof embryo I first8cells
theythenbecomepluripotent
Pluripotent
present in thenextfew divisions
i
can divide t differentiateinto all typesof car apartfromplacental
eg embryonicstemcells
Multipotent
can divideand differentiate into manytypesof cell
egbonemarrowstemcells sbloodcells
Unipotent
can divide t differentiateintoonetypeof cellonly
mostcells in matureanimalsunipotent
eg cardiomyocytes heartmusclecells
