PYB306 Psychopathology Final Exam Questions with 100 % correct answers | verified

What are some imperfections of the DSM-5? (8) - -Process criticisms -Lowering of diagnostic thresholds -Introducing new disorders without a clear scientific basis -Failure to test/demonstrate validity of diagnostic categories -Reification of 'disorder' -Failure to deliver on promise of neuroscience -Reduced reliability of many diagnoses -Undeclared conflict of interests with the pharmaceutical industry Psychopathology is generally used to describe: - -Abnormal behaviour/functioning -The manifestation of mental disorders/conditions/illnesses -The science or study of mental disorders What are the three major approaches of defining abnormal behaviour? - -If a behaviour/way of being causes subjective distress leading to help-seeking behaviour (although this relies of patient insight) -If it deviates for a statistical norm (although rare behaviour isn't necessarily harmful and common behaviour isn't necessarily not harmful) -Results from "harmful" dysfunction (a physical/mental mechanism cannot perform its natural/normal function) Define a mental disorder (DSM-5) - A mental disorder is a syndrome characterised by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological or developmental processes underlying mental function AND mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress or disability in social occupational or other important activities AND NOT an expectable or culturally sanctioned response, not the product of 'social deviance or conflicts with society' What percentage of Australians have experienced a mental health-related disorder in their lifetime? (2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing) - 45%ABS statistics suggest that: (3) - -1 in 5 (20.1%) or 4.8 million Australians had a mental or behavioural condition in the previous 12 months -3.2 million (13.1%) had an anxiety-related conditions -1 in 10 people (10.4%) had depression or feelings of depression The most common mental health disorders are: (3) - Depression, anxiety and substance use Define syndrome - A collection of symptoms that occur together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder Define diagnosis - The identification of a syndrome as a classifible disorder Define 'differential diagnosis' - Diagnosis aimed at determining which of two or more disorders is present Define comorbidity - The presence of two or more disorders in the same individual at the same time (e.g.: a mood disorder and a substance use disorder) Epidemiology - The scientific study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population Considerations in regards to psychometric tests (3) - -Reliability: Measurement consistency (including of diagnostic decisions) -Validity: Degree to which a test/system measures what is intended to measure (e.g.: convergent validity, predictive validity) -Standardisation: A fixed procedure (or prescription) for the application of methods to ensure or increase or increase measurement consistency (affects how we give the test, score it and handle/report the dat) Methods of assessment/sources of information include: (3) - 1. The Clinical Interview 2. Psychological Tests3. Physical/Biological Assessment The Clincal Interview - Involves client (and potentially, corroborators) and enables the collections of a variety of information (client's view of problem, subjective distress, family history, strengths) and different types (clinical observations, signs, behavioural assessment) Psychological Tests - Helps to generate baseline info about performance to see it changes over time (ipsative comparisons) and assess severity to "normal" levels (normative comparisons) Physical/Biological Assessment - Tend not to be performed by psychologist but is considered in determining correct diagnosis/treatment Assessment process can be affected by: (3) - -Human cognitive biases -Personal biases (e.g.: stereotyping, potential triggers) -Procedural aspects (time, space, organizational priority) What are the four dominant paradigmatic approaches? - 1. Biological 2. Psychodynamic 3. Humanistic 4. Cognitive and/or Behavioural