HESI A2 BIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

HESI A2 BIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Hierarchic Organizational system for nomenclature Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (Least) "Keep Penguins Cool Or Find Good Shelter" Scientific Method Observation Hypothesis Experiment Conclusion Water All life, and therefore biology , occurs in water. Properties of Water 2 Hydrogen bonds Covalently bonded to Oxygen. Hydrogen Bonding between molecules. - High specific heat - Large bodies or water stabilize climates - Strong cohesive and adhesive properties - Water freezes forms a lattice crystal resulting in ice floating in water. - Polarity of water allows it to act as a universal solvent. - Water can be used to dissolve different solvents. Carbohydrates Long chains, or polymers of sugar. Most importantly form the backbone of DNA and RNA. Saturated Clogs arteries. NO DOUBLE BONDS in their hydrocarbon tail. SOLID @ room temperature. Unsaturated Double bond in their hydrocarbon tail. LIQUID at room temperature. Phospholipids Phosphate group (polar) soluble in water. Hydrocarbon tail of fatty acids is nonpolar and nonsoluble in water. Ex. Cell Membrane Steroids Are lipids, which are precursors to hormones and drugs Proteins They are Polymers of 20 molecules called Amino Acids. Enzymes are a type of protein, which catalyze different reactions or processes. LARGEST Biological Molecule Cell Fundamental unit of biology Prokaryotic Cells NO defined nucleus and NO membrane- bound organelles. Eukaryotic Cells Membrane-enclosed nucleus and series of membrane-bound organelles that carry out the functions of the cell as directed by the genetic information contained in the nucleus. Nucleus Contains DNA called Chromosomes. Ribosomes Are organelles that read the RNA produced in the nucleus and TRANSLATE the genetic instructions to produce PROTEINS. Bound ribosomes Are found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Free ribosomes Are found in the cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Attached to the nucleur membrane and consists of two continuous parts. Rough ER Covered in RIBOSOMES and is responsible for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS and membrane production. Smooth ER NO ribosomes. It functions in the DETOXification and METABOLISM of multiple molecules. Golgi Apparatus Packaging, processing and shipping. "UPS" Lysosomes Intracellular DIGESTION. hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids. Vacuoles uptake food through the cell membrane by phagocytosis. Plant cells have a central vacuole that functions as storage, waste, disposal, protection, and hydrolysis Mitochondria Found in Eukaryotic cells and are the site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular Respiration Formula C6H12O2 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP) Steps of Aerobic Cellular Respiration Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Chain Transport Steps of Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Glycolysis and Fermentation Asexual Reproduction (Mitosis) Produces 2 daughter cells. "Everything stays the same" Sexual Reproduction (Meiosis) Produces 4 daughter cells 1/2 from mom 1/2 from Dad Begin as diploid end as haploid Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle involves creating energy in the form of 2 GTPs (which convert to ATP) and NADH (and FAHD2 which donate the electrons to the ETC), not harvesting it, and it is not only used by plants. In addition, it is cyclical, not linear. ATP and Pyruvate are created by glycolysis. Epistasis Epistasis is the interaction between two alleles which have different effects in combination than individually. Worms lack eyes and ears. Which of the following is true with regard to eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria. One of the major differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells contain organelles, such as mitochondria, whereas prokaryotic cells do not. Cytokinesis Cytokinesis occurs late in the process of mitosis and is marked by a single cell splitting into two daughter cells. In a bird or a bee, the crop is responsible for what?