IMMB 302 Immunology Exam 1 Questions With Answers Graded A+

IMMB 302 Immunology Exam 1 Questions With Answers Graded A+ immunis meaning Exempt, protected The Immune System Defends the body against what? -Non-self (bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, tissue grafts) -Mutated self (cancer, misfolded proteins) physiological barriers of the immune system -Skin, Mucous membranes white blood cells (leukocytes) -Part of innate immunity (phagocytes) -initiate inflammation, engulf, destroy invaders white blood cells (lymphocytes) -B Cells -T Cells B Cells produce antibodies, provide memory T Cells T Helper Cells- Regulate, orchestrate response T Cytotoxic Cells- Killer cells, attack invaders Where in the body does the immune response occur? -Lymphatic vessels, nodes (FBI, CIA Hang out) -Bloodstream -Thymus (T cells mature and are checked here) -spleen (controls the level of RBCs/WBCs in blood) -Bone Marrow (B and T cells produced here) -Liver (produces antimicrobial chemicals) -Brain (activates the sympathetic nervous system to tell bone marrow to make WBCs when needed) Where does the T Cell mature? thymus Where does the B Cell mature? bone marrow What are the components of innate immunity? -General barriers (Skin) -Mucus clearance -Cellular (activities of phagocytes/inflammation) adaptive immunity -Develops over time (1-2 weeks) -Activation of antigen specific B and T Cells -B Cell Antibody humoral and T cell mediated -Immunologic memory Where does adaptive immunity occur? lymphatic system What part of the innate immunity process triggers specific cellular response? Phagocytosis and inflammation (develops about 2 weeks) Leukocytes -phagocytic cells (simple, dumb and hungry) -Part of innate immunity Lymphocytes B cells and T cells -Part of adaptive immunity -Capable of memory What are antibodies' soluble components contributing to Humoral Immunity in blood? -Neutralize toxins ("antitoxin") -Precipitate toxins ("precipitin") -Clump Bacteria ("agglutinin") What is the use of Immunoglobulin/antibodies? -antiserum from immune individual can protect non-immune -leads to passive immunity (does NOT provide immunological memory) What provides the ability to produce active immunity? Natural infection or vaccination -Long-lived memory -Based in long lived cells like memory B cells -Memory Cells (quickly producing antibodies) 4 main categories of pathogens viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan What characteristics does innate immunity recognize in a foreign invader? -Substances not found in human host, but are instead common to pathogens -Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) Cellular Proteins that recognize PAMPs can be: -Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) -Surface bound or intracellular -Inherited through conservatory -Human leukocytes have 10 PRRs -Can be early profiled The quick recognition system is followed by: -Phagocytosis by leukocytes -inflammation Characteristics of inflammation -Influx of blood/chemicals (compliment system) -More leukocytes -Quick elimination prevents infection How does adaptive immunity recognize different pathogens? -Can recognize subtle molecular differences -Potential to recognize an infinite number of molecules through maturation When a pathogen is recognized, what happens? -Results in production of antibodies specifically tailored to the pathogen in question -Neutralizes molecule Are lymphocytes randomly generated? -Yes, each lymphocyte has a unique antigen receptor with random gene arrangements What happens if a lymphocyte recognizes a foreign molecule? It proliferates via clonal expansion clonal expansion the rapid multiplication of B or T cell clones after activation by an antigen -Some clones become memory cells (dormant) -Others become effector cells Are receptors inherited? -No, they are continually changing and adaptive Can randomly generated receptor specificities bind to the self? -No, during maturation "self" specificities are weeded out. What happens during innate response? -Phagocytosis (engulfing of foreign substance) -Inflammation (recruitment of more phagocytes) -Migration to lymph node for adaptive response What is the difference between leukocytes and lymphocytes? Lymphocytes, B and T cells, are a type of leukocyte. Leukocytes are white blood cells and include monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, etc. Where do naive B and T cells hang out? In the lymph nodes until they are activated What type of phagocyte presents antigens in the lymph node? Dendritic cell (Hint: NOT a dendrite, a dendrite is part of a neuron) What happens when a dendritic cell presents an antigen in the lymph node? A helper CD4 T cell with receptors specific for this antigen/pathogen will be activated, which eventually activates CD8 T cells and B cells What happens when a CD4 T cell is activated? They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.