Immunology- Block 1 Exam Questions With Answers

Immunology- Block 1 Exam Questions With Answers Pattern Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) molecules shared by groups of related microbes that are essential for the survival of those organisms Ligand any molecule or atom which binds reversibly to a protein Epitope smallest molecular structure recognized by a specific receptor Dendritic Cells, Macrophages, B Cells What are the professional APCs? Peripheral Tolerance of T Cells Auto reactive lymphocytes are kept anergic - nonreactive regulatory immune cells in circulation Fetomaternal Tolerance prevents maternal immune system response from attacking developing fetus, esp regarding diff blood types Antigen material that can evoke an immune response; collection of sometimes repeating and/or unique epitopes. Tolerance The prevention of an immune response against a particular antigen; responses to future exposure can be diminished Immune System A complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and the substances they make that helps the body fight infections and other diseases. On professional APCs MHC I and MHC II are both found where Pathogen disease causing or harmful organisms Peripheral Tolerance ensures that self reactive T and B cells which escaped central tolerance do not cause autoimmune disease thymus and bone marrow Where does central tolerance occur? Positive and Negative Selection For tolerance, what process does T cells undergo Clonal deletion or receptor editing For tolerance, what process does B cells undergo Peripheral tissues and lymph nodes Where does peripheral tolerance occur Inflammation response to tissue damage; can be chronic or acute all nucleated cells where are MHC Class I genes found Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) proteins capable of recognizing molecules frequently found in pathogens Positive Selection T-cells in the thymus that moderately bind MHC complexes receive survival signals - intermediate affinity Immunoglobulin diverse group of globular molecules found in blood and tissues; usually bound B cells and plasma cells Negative Selection T cells whose TCRs bind too strongly to MHC complexes and will likely be self reactive - too high affinity Central Tolerance removes self-reactive lymphocytes in an early stage of development via apoptosis on antigen presenting cells APCs where are MHC Class II genes found Immunological memory once an infectious organism stimulates an adaptive response subsequent encounters with that organism produce mild or even unapparent effects because of therapia and enhanced action of antibodies or effector T cells Antibody immunoglobin that specifically binds to known ligand and or epitope - usually used in terms of circulating Ig Autoreactivity - self attacking self- which leads to autoimmune disease Consequences of self recognition failure Auto reactive lymphocytes can attack the self and damage host tissues What happens when the body cannot distinguish self Education, Prevention, and Treatment What are the three forms of health intervention Research and Study What is the Health Prevention of Education Avert occurrence of illness What is the Health Prevention of Prevention Decrease discomfort and increase health What is the Health Prevention of Treatment Wellness an active process through which people become aware of, and make choices toward, a more successful existence 1. The body is a unit; the person is a unit of body, mind, & spirit. 2. The body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing, & health maintenance 3. Structure & function are reciprocally interrelated 4. Rational treatment is based upon an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self-regulation, & the interrelationship of structure & function What are the Four Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine Innate Immune System Early, generalized, first line of defense Skin and Mucous membranes, Phagocytic Cells, Proinflammatory cells, Natural Killer Cells, Antigen Presenting Cells What are the cellular components of the Innate Immune System Mechanical and Chemical Defenses What is the function of Skin and Mucous membranes - epithelial cells To ingest and kill bacteria and fungi What is the function of phagocytic cells - neutrophils, macrophages To induce host defenses and inflammation What is the function of Proinflammatory cells - macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets To kill virus infected cells and tumor cells What is the function of Natural Killer cells Recognize, process, and present antigens tolymphocytes. Initiate adaptive immune response What is the function of antigen presenting cells - dendritic cells and macrophages Antimicrobial peptides, Complement proteins, Cytokines, Chemokines, Kinins, Enzymes What are the Humoral components of the Innate Immune system Kill microorganisms What is the function of Antimicrobial peptides Enhance phagocytosis (opsonization). Induces inflammation. Kills some microorganisms What is the function of Complement proteins Activate innate and adaptive defenses What is the function of Cytokines To attract leukocytes What is the function of Chemokines To induce inflammation What is the function of Kinins To kill and digest microorganisms What is the function of Enzymes Innate and Adaptive Which Immune systems have cellular and humoral components Erythema-increased blood supply Edema- Increased vascular permeability Chemotaxis What is Inflammation characterized by To amplify the body's defenses by increasing blood supply to infection site &bringing more antimicrobial proteins &white blood cells to fight infection What is the purpose of Inflammation 1. Increased production of antimicrobial peptides 2. Secretion of numerous mediators of inflammation 3. Activation of complement 4. Activation of clotting cascade & generation of bradykinin 5. Chemotactic attraction of phagocytic cells and lymphocytes 6. Acute phase response 7. Inflammation What are the consequences of recognizing pathogen ; induced innate immunity Activation of Complement enhancing phagocytosis (opsonization), chemotactic attraction of phagocytic cells, inflammation, & direct killing of some microorganisms Activation of clotting cascade & generation of bradykinin peptide that has pro inflammatory effects & increases vascular permeability, vasodilation, hypotension, pain, & smooth muscle contraction Acute Phase Response increased production of defense proteins & proinflammatory mediators Induced in liver by proinflammatory cytokines Classical Pathway Alternative Pathway Lectin Pathway What are the three complement pathways The Classical Pathway Which complement pathway is triggered by antigen-antibody complements The Alternative Pathway Which complement pathway is triggered by bacterial lipopolysaccharides The Lectin Pathway Which complement pathway is triggered by mannose containing polysaccharides The Membrane Attack Complex What is the final product of all three complement pathways Humoral Immune response Fluids that prevent or defend against microbial attack cell-mediated immunity leukocytes destroy invading cells Aggulation To prevent the microbial spread by immobilization