HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide With Questions And Answers Graded A+

HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide With Questions And Answers Graded A+ Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) Monocytes and neutrophils Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) Macrophages and neutrophils Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? Neutrophils are short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat apoptotic cells and waste General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into tissue Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation? Mast cell Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls? Adhesion molecules E-Selectin An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leukocytes in innate immune response (low-affinity interaction) E-Selectin Ligand A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response ICAM-1 An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction) Integrins (and the name of a specific one) A class of adhesion molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during the innate inflammatory response Stable Arrest When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the endothelium thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue Pus Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an inflammatory response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils) Psoriasis overview Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and initiating an inflammatory response Psoriasis risk factors History of strep infections, skin injury, first degree relative with psoriasis TNF-alpha in psoriasis A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that recruits immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells to produce thickened/raised patches Psoriasis treatment (biologics) Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules Susceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue Most abundant leukocyte Neutrophils What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? Extracellular bacterial infections Plasmacytoid dendritic cell A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases type 1 interferons Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing them Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells The Antiviral State Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I Interferons; proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced, infected cells will die, RNAse activity is induced Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Molecules that are commonly expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish self from non-self; can be on cell surface or released from cells Gram-Negative Bacterial PAMPs Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cell wall, flagellin Gram-Positive Bacterial PAMPs Teichoic acids and peptidoglycan in cell wall, flagellin Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Receptors that bind to PAMPs and activate an immune response; important in innate immunity Toll-like receptors (TLRs) A group of pattern recognition receptors; can be located on immune cell surface or within the cell on the endosomal membrane Viral PAMPs Nucleic acids What happens when pattern recognition receptors or toll-like receptors bind to a PAMP? How does this response differ among different kinds of infection (viral vs. bacterial)? The immune cell is activated and will secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such as type 1 interferons (viral infection), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) - both in response to extracellular bacteria Which 2 cytokine genes are up-regulated when a PAMP binds to a cell surface TLR? (innate immune response) TNF-alpha and IL-1 What is the transcription factor for the cytokine genes TNF-alpha and Il-1 called? NF-kappaB Which cytokine gene is up-regulated when a viral PAMP binds to an endosomal TLR? What cellular process activates the transcription factor? (innate immune response) IFN-1 (interferon-1); phosphorylation What three events can complement activation result in? Inflammation, opsonization, direct killing of microbes (lysis) What is the first step in complement activation? C3 is cleaved into C3a and C3b Which two complement proteins lead to inflammation? C3a and C5a Which complement protein leads to opsonization? C3b Which complement protein forms the membrane attack complex for direct killing of microbes? C9 What are two kinds of innate immune proteins? Agglutinins and complement Agglutinins Immune proteins that can clump microbes together and activate complement; include lectins and natural antibodies What three ways can lead to complement activation? What are these pathways called? Spontaneous (alternative pathway), antibodies (classical pathway), lectins (lectin pathway) Which two types of antibodies can activate complement? IgM and IgG What happens when IgM binds microbes to allow for complement activation? It changes shape Which complement protein will bind to IgM? C1q Opsonization (and the complement protein involved) C3b; coats microbes to allow them to be easily recognized by phagocytes, C3b has a binding side for phagocyte receptors Which enzyme is responsible for cleaving C3b into C5b and C5a? C5 convertase Spontaneous pathway complement activation The microbial surface itself activates complement What kind of molecule do lectins bind to? Sugars Adaptive immune cells are also called lymphocytes Which kind of lymphocyte is involved in humoral immunity B cell Which kind of lymphocyte is involved in cell-mediated immunity T cells