NURS 6521 FINAL REVIEW QUESTION AND VERIFIED ANSWERS

NURS 6521 FINAL REVIEW QUESTION AND VERIFIED ANSWERS NURS 6521 FINAL REVIEW QUESTION AND VERIFIED ANSWERS These types of drugs are used to treat schizophrenia, delusional disorders, bipolar disorder, depressive psychosis, and drug induced psychosis. CORRECT ANSWER - Antipsychotics What is another name for first generation antipsycotics? CORRECT ANSWER - Conventional Antipsycotics Should antisycotics be given to dementia patients? CORRECT ANSWER - No What are the two classes of antipsycotics CORRECT ANSWER - First generation (FGA) and Second generation (SGA) This class produces a strong blockade of dopamine in the central nervous system. As a result can cause serious movement disorders known as extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) CORRECT ANSWER - FGA This class produces a moderate blockade of receptors for dopamine and a much stronger blockade of receptors for serotonin. CORRECT ANSWER - SGA Which class of antipsycotics is at lower risk for EPS? CORRECT ANSWER - SGA Which class of antipsycotics carries a significant risk for metabolic effects such as weight gain, diabetes, and dyslipidemia? CORRECT ANSWER - SGA Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol are what kind of antipsycotics? CORRECT ANSWER - FGA or traditional What is an example of a atypical or second generation antipycotics? CORRECT ANSWER - Clozapine Because FGA can cause neurological side effects they are also called? CORRECT ANSWER - Neuroleptics Which class of antipsycotics are classified by potency? CORRECT ANSWER - FGAs Blocks a variety of receptors within and outside the CNS that block receptors for dopamind, acetylcholine, histamine, and norepinephrine. CORRECT ANSWER - FGA's CHlorpromazine and Thiridazine are which potency for FGA's CORRECT ANSWER - Low potency Loxapine, loxitane, and perphenazine are which potency for FGA's CORRECT ANSWER - Medium Haldol, Orap, Navane and Trifluoperazine are what potency? CORRECT ANSWER - High What are the three types of extrapyramidal symptoms? CORRECT ANSWER - acute dystonia, parkinsonism, akathisia The reaction develops within the first few days of therapy and frequently within hours of the first dose. The patient develops severe spasm of the muscles of the toungue, face, neck, or back. CORRECT ANSWER - Acute Dystonia This EPS is characterized by bradykinesia, mask-like facies, drooling, tremor, rigidity, shuffling gait, cogwheeling, and stooped posture. Symptoms develop throughout the first month. CORRECT ANSWER - Parkinsonism This EPS is characterized by pacing and squriming brought on by an uncontrollable need to be in motion. Usually develops within the first two months of treatment. CORRECT ANSWER - Akathisia How to treat Akathisia CORRECT ANSWER - Beta blockers, benzos, and anticholinergic drugs. This is the most troubling EPS develops in 5% of patients. Involuntary choreoathetoid (twisting, writhing, worm-like) movements of the toungue and face. Patients also may present with lip-smacking movements, and their tongues may flick out. CORRECT ANSWER - Tardive dyskinesia What are the FDA approved TD (tardive dyskinesia) medications? CORRECT ANSWER - Ingrezza, valbenazine, Austedo This adverse effect is rare but serious. Primary symptoms are lead pipe rigidity, sudden high fever, sweating , and autonomic instabiliity manifested as dysrhythmias and fluctuations in BP. CORRECT ANSWER - Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome What is a common adverse effect of FGA's but usually subsides within a week or so? CORRECT ANSWER - Sedation Antipsychotics increase levels of circulating prolactin by blocking the inhibitory action of dopamine on prolactin relsease. CORRECT ANSWER - Neuroendocrine Effects FGA's can reduce seizure threshold there by ____ seizure activity. CORRECT ANSWER - increasing A rare but serious reaction among the FGAs, it severely compromisis the ability to fight infections. CORRECT ANSWER - Agranulosis What are s/s of EPS in children exposed to antispsycotics? CORRECT ANSWER - tremor, agitation, sleepiness, difficulty feeding, severe breathing difficulty, and altered muscle tone. This SGA can cause life-threatening agranulocytosis. Its use should be reserved for patients who have not responded to safter alternatives. CORRECT ANSWER - Clozapine Rarely this drug has been asscoiated with myocarditis. If symptoms such as fatigue, dyspnea, tachy, chest pain, palpitations occur the drug should be stopped until myocarditis is ruled out. CORRECT ANSWER - Clozapine Long-acting , injectable formulations used for long-term maintenance therapy of schizophrenia. CORRECT ANSWER - Depot antipsychotic preparations What category antidepressants is the following meds: Citalopram, Escitalopram, FLuoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine, Sertraline, Vortioxetine? CORRECT ANSWER - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors What category antidepressants is the following meds: Desvenlafaxine, Duloxetine, Levomilnacipran, Venlafaxine. CORRECT ANSWER - Serotonin-norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors What category antidepressants is the following meds: Amitriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, maprotiline, nortriptlyine, protiptyline, trimipramine. CORRECT ANSWER - Tricyclic Antidepressants These meds block muscarinic cholingeric receptors and can therby cause an array of anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision, photophobia, constipation, urinary hesitancy and tachycardia. CORRECT ANSWER - Trycyclic The combination of TCA and _______ can lead to severe hypertension, owing to excessive adrengergic stimulation of the heart and blood vessels. CORRECT ANSWER - MAOI What are the three mood-stablizer drugs for bipolar? CORRECT ANSWER - Lithium, carbamazepine, valproic acid What three types of drugs are used in treatment for bipolar? CORRECT ANSWER - Mood stabalizers, antispychotics, and antidepressants What is the drugs of choice for acute manic episodes? CORRECT ANSWER - Lithium and valprate in combination with a SGA What is the choice regimen for acute depressive episodes? CORRECT ANSWER - a mood stabilizer, SGA, and an antidepressant This mood stabilizer has a low therapeutic threshold and a short half life making toxicity a high risk therefore needs to be divided into daily doses CORRECT ANSWER - Lithium What are normal lithium levels CORRECT ANSWER - below 1.5 How often should lithium levels be drawn? CORRECT ANSWER - 3-6 months When should you draw lithium levels? CORRECT ANSWER - in the morning, 12 hours after evening dose can reduce the incorporation of iodine into thyroid hormone nad can inhibit thyroid hormone secretion. CORRECT ANSWER - Lithium` Chronic lithium use has been linked to ? CORRECT ANSWER - Renal toxicity This side effect occurs in 50 to 70% of patients taking lithium CORRECT ANSWER - Polyuria These drugs promote sodium loss and therby increase the risk of toxicity. CORRECT ANSWER - Diuretics These drugs can increase lithium levels as much as 60% CORRECT ANSWER - NSAIDS THis drug was the first antiseizure agent approved for bipolar and sometimes replaces lithium as drug of choice but can cause serious or fatal hepatotoxicity and pancreatitis. CORRECT ANSWER - Divalproex Sodium (Valproate) What other antieleptic drug is approved for treatment and prevention of manic episodes in BPD? CORRECT ANSWER - Carbamazepine These Sedative drugs potentiate the actions of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) an inhibitory neurotransmitter found throughout the CNS. CORRECT ANSWER - Benzos Because benzos can act by amplifying the actions of GABA rather than directly mimicing GABA it is safer than what drug that directly mimics GABA? CORRECT ANSWER - Barbituates What three things are benzos used for ? CORRECT ANSWER - Anxiety, insomnia, and seizures benzos can cause __________ which is impaired recall of events that take place after dosing. CORRECT ANSWER - Anterograde Amnesia Benzo like drug that is our most widely used hypnotic and is approved for insomnia. CORRECT ANSWER - Zolidem (Ambien) This drug is the first representative of a new class of hynotics, the pyrazolopyrimidines made for insomnia. CORRECT ANSWER - Zaleplon (Sonata) Which drug is liike zaleplon and zolpidem, binds selectively with the benzo-1 receptor on the GABA receptor-chloride channel complex and thereby enhances the depressant action of endogenous GABA. CORRECT ANSWER - Eszopiclone (Lunesta) This drug is a relatively new hypnotic with a unique mechanism of action: activation of receptors for melatonin. CORRECT ANSWER - Ramelteon (Rozerem) Has arapid onset (30min) and short duration of action so it's good for inducing sleep but not maintaining it. CORRECT ANSWER - Ramelteon (Rozerem) Avoid pairing Ramelteon with _____ because it can increase the levels of ramelteon more than 50-fold. CORRECT ANSWER - Luvox This sedative selectively blocks receptors for orexin, a neurotransmitter in the brain that promotes wakefulness. This drug is approved for treating chronic insomnia. CORRECT ANSWER - Suvorexant (Belsomra) These drugs cause relatively nonselective depression of CNS function and are the prototyes of the general CNS function. CORRECT ANSWER - Barbiturates Is an atypical antidepressant with strong sedative actions. THe drug can decrease sleep latency and prolong sleep duration. CORRECT ANSWER - Trazadone An old trycyclic antidepressant with strong sedative actions. CORRECT ANSWER - Doxepin` What are the first line treatment for GAD? CORRECT ANSWER - SSRI and SNRI What four antidepressants are approved for GAD? CORRECT ANSWER - Effexor, Cymbalta, Paxil, and Lexapro An anxiolytic drug that differs significantly from the benzos. It has no abuse potenial and does not intensify the effects of CNS depressants. CORRECT ANSWER - Buspirone What are the first line drugs for panic disorder? CORRECT ANSWER - SSRI (PRozac, Paxil, and Zoloft) What are the first-line drugs for OCD? CORRECT ANSWER - SSRIs All sixreduce symptoms by enhancing serotonergic transmission. These drugs can benefit patients with performance anxiety. If taken 1-2 hours prior to event they can reduce symptoms caused by autonomic activity such as tremors, sweating, tachycardia, palpitations. CORRECT ANSWER - Beta Blockers Increase the activity of CNS neurons. Most act by enhancing neuronal excitation. A few act by suppresssing neuronal inhibition. In sufficient doses they can all cause seizures. CORRECT ANSWER - CNS Stimulants This family of drugs is a powerful CNS stimulant. They have significat peripheral actions that can cause cardiac stimulation and vasoconstriction. Includes dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine. CORRECT ANSWER - Amphetamines Refers to a 50:50 mixture of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine. CORRECT ANSWER - Amphetamine Is a prodrug composed of dextroamphetamine covalently linked to lysine. After oral dosing it undergoes rapid hydrolysis by enzymes in the intestine and liver to yield lysine and free dextroamphetamine, the active form of the drug. CORRECT ANSWER - Lisdexamfetamine These drugs are structurally dissimilar from the amphetamines, the pharmacologic actions are the same. CORRECT ANSWER - Methylphenidate (Ritalin, metadate, methylin, concerta, daytrana, biphentin) What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle? CORRECT ANSWER - follicular phase and luteal phase During the first half of the cycle, _____ are secreted by the maturing ovarian follicles. CORRECT ANSWER - Estrogen What is the most common use of estrogen for noncontraceptic reasons? CORRECT ANSWER - Menopausal Hormone Therapy Should not be taken by patients with ahistory of DVT, pulmonary embolus, cor stroke and MI. CORRECT ANSWER - Estrogens What are the two forms of estrogen for treatment? CORRECT ANSWER - Conjugated and esterified forms This form of estrogen is plant based. CORRECT ANSWER - Esterified This form of estrogen are natural preparations derived from the urine of a pregnant horse. CORRECT ANSWER - Conjugated What are the four routes for estrogen? CORRECT ANSWER - Oral, transdermal, intravaginal, parenteral (IV, IM) Plant-based compounds that have weak estrogenic activity. These are commonly used by women as a natural way to manage symtoms for menoapuse. Findings from evidence are inconsisten therfore not reccommended. CORRECT ANSWER - Phytoestrogens Drugs that activate ERs in some tissues and block them in others. These drugs were developed in an effort to provide the benefits of estrogen while avoiding its drawbacks. CORRECT ANSWER - Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) These levels can increase during pregnancy. THe higher levels suppress contraction of uterine smooth muscle and therby help sustain pregnancy. CORRECT ANSWER - Progesterone The ability of a drug to injure a target cell or target organism without injuring other cells or organisms that are in intimate contact with the target. CORRECT ANSWER - Selective Toxicity These inhibit an enzyme needed to make folic acid critical to bacterial survival but not to our survival. CORRECT ANSWER - Sulfonamides Unlike humans bacteria cannot pick up folic acid so they take para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and convert it into folic acid. What drug blocks this conversion? CORRECT ANSWER - Sulfonamides These antibiotics are active against only a few species of microorganisms. CORRECT ANSWER - Narrow-Spectrum These antibiotics are active against a wide variety of microorganisms. CORRECT ANSWER - Broad-spectrum What is the mechanism of action of Penicillin, cephalosporins, imipenem vancomycin, and caspofungin? CORRECT ANSWER - Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis What is the mechanism of action of Amphotericin B, Daptomycin, itraconazole? CORRECT ANSWER - Disrupt the cell membrane What is the mechanism of action of Aminoglycosides? CORRECT ANSWER - Bactericidal inhibitors of protein synthesis What is the mechanism of action of Clindamycin, Erythromycin, linezolid, and tetracyclines? CORRECT ANSWER - Bacteriostatic inhibitors of protein synthesis What is the mechanism of action of fluroquinolones, metronidazole, Rifampin, flucytosine, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim? CORRECT ANSWER - Interfere with synthesis or integrity of bacterial DNA and RNA antimetabolites What is the mechanism of action of Acyclovir and Ganciclovir? CORRECT ANSWER - Suppress viral replication (Viral DNA polymerase inhibitors) What is the mechanism of action of Zidovudine and Lamivudine? CORRECT ANSWER - HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors What is the mechanism of action of Ritonavir and Saquinavir? CORRECT ANSWER - HIV protease inhibitors What is the mechanism of action of Enfuvirtides? CORRECT ANSWER - HIV fusion inhibitor What is the mechanism of action of Raltegravirs? CORRECT ANSWER - HIV integrase inhibitors What is the mechanism of action of Maravirocs? CORRECT ANSWER - HIV CCR5 antagonists What is the mechanism of action of Oseltamivir and Zanamivir? CORRECT ANSWER - Influenza neuraminidase inhibitors Two anterior pituitary hormones that play a central role in regulating the menstrual cycle ? CORRECT ANSWER - Folicle -stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) In premenopausal women, what is the principle source of estrogen? CORRECT ANSWER - The ovaries the ability to produce a desired or intended result. CORRECT ANSWER - Efficacy the branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body. CORRECT ANSWER - Pharmacokinetics the branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action. CORRECT ANSWER - Pharmacodynamics unpredictable reactions that occur in only a small percentage of patients receiving the drug and which do not involve known pharmacological properties of the drug. CORRECT ANSWER - Idiosyncratic Response what drugs easily cross the placenta? CORRECT ANSWER - small molecular weight and lipophilic How does pregnancy affect pharmacokinetics? CORRECT ANSWER - The fetus and the amniotic fluid can act as additional compartments, leading to increased drug accumulation and an apparent increase in volume of distribution of certain drugs. What trimester is the fetus most vulnerable to teratogenic side effects? CORRECT ANSWER - First trimester Taken by mouth, this drug stimulates ovulation by causing the pituitary gland to release more FSH and LH , which stimulate the growth of an ovarian follicle containing an egg CORRECT ANSWER - Clomiphene citrate These injected treatments stimulate the ovary to produce multiple eggs. These include human menopausal gonadotropin or hMG (Menopur) and FSH (Gonal-F, Follistim AQ, Bravelle). CORRECT ANSWER - Gonadotropins This drug is used when insulin resistance is a known or suspected cause of infertility, usually in women with a diagnosis of PCOS. This drug helps improve insulin resistance, which can improve the likelihood of ovulation. CORRECT ANSWER - Metformin belongs to a class of drugs known as aromatase inhibitors and works in a similar fashion to clomiphene. It is usually used for woman younger than 39 who have PCOS. CORRECT ANSWER - Letrozole This drug is a dopamine agonist and might be used when ovulation problems are caused by excess production of prolactin (hyperprolactinemia) by the pituitary gland. CORRECT ANSWER - Bromocriptine (Cycloset, Parlodel), Thisis a hormone that's produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland. Its main function is to facilitate childbirth CORRECT ANSWER - Oxytocin a direct-acting parasympathomimetic agent that is FDA approved for the treatment of postoperative urinary retention, postpartum urinary retention, and overflow incontinence caused by neurogenic atony of the bladder. CORRECT ANSWER - Bethanechol How does oxytocin work in breastfeeding? CORRECT ANSWER - promotes prolactin release and thereby milk production is used in pregnancy to prevent seizures due to worsening preeclampsia, to slow or stop preterm labor, and to prevent injuries to a preterm baby's brain CORRECT ANSWER - Magnesium sulfate are a group of drugs that work by slowing bone loss. They reduce the risk of hip and spine fractures. Bone renewal is a slow process, but in many people an increase in bone density can be measured over five years of treatment. CORRECT ANSWER - Bisphosphonates used to treat and prevent osteoporosis (a condition in which the bones become thin and weak and break easily) in women who have undergone menopause (''change of life,'' end of menstrual periods) and to treat osteoporosis in men. CORRECT ANSWER - Alendronate used to prevent and treat wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness caused by asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Terbutaline is in a class of medications called beta agonists. It works by relaxing and opening the airways, making it easier to breathe CORRECT ANSWER - Terbutaline should not be used to stop or prevent premature labor in pregnant women, especially in women who are not in a hospital. This drug has caused serious side effects, including death, in pregnant women who took the medication for this purpose CORRECT ANSWER - Terbutaline is used to treat symptoms of an overactive bladder, such as incontinence (loss of bladder control) or a frequent need to urinate. CORRECT ANSWER - Oxybutynin is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. At low doses, radiation is used in x-rays to see inside your body, as with x-rays of your teeth or broken bones. CORRECT ANSWER - Radiotherapy When do Testosterone levels generally peak? CORRECT ANSWER - adolescence and early adulthood hampers the ability to produce normal amounts of testosterone due to a problem with the testicles or with the pituitary gland that controls the testicles. CORRECT ANSWER - Hypogonadism What are the different types of testosterone therapy? CORRECT ANSWER - Gel, injection, patch, cheek and gum, implants When should Testosterone therapy be started? CORRECT ANSWER - recommended in men >65 years who have symptoms or conditions suggestive of T deficiency (such as low libido or unexplained anemia) and consistently and unequivocally low morning T. What are oral medications that reverse erectile dysfunction by enhancing the effects of nitric oxide, a natural chemical your body produces that relaxes muscles in the penis. CORRECT ANSWER - Sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra, Staxyn), tadalafil (Cialis) and avanafil (Stendra) This medication is most effective when taken on an empty stomach one hour before sex. It's effective for four to five hours or more if you have mild to moderate erectile dysfunction. CORRECT ANSWER - Sildenafil (Viagra) This medication also is most effective when taken one hour before sex and can be taken with or without food. A high-fat meal might keep it from absorbing as quickly. CORRECT ANSWER - Vardenafil (Levitra, Staxyn) This medication is taken with or without food about one to two hours before sex. It's effective for up to 36 hours. It can be taken in a small dose daily or in a larger dose as needed. CORRECT ANSWER - Tadalafil (Cialis) This medication is taken with or without food 30 minutes before sex, depending on the dose. It lasts up to six hours. CORRECT ANSWER - Avanafil (Stendra) What not to mix erectile dysfunction medications with? CORRECT ANSWER - Nitrates, Isosorbide, renal disease, hyper/hypotension, and severe liver disease. an inflammatory process that causes a blood clot to form and block one or more veins, usually in the legs CORRECT ANSWER - Thrombophlebitis obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has become dislodged from another site in the circulation. CORRECT ANSWER - Thromboembolism What products are used to treat anemia in people with chronic kidney failure. These injections products are also used to treat anemia caused by chemotherapy in people with certain types of cancer or caused by zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir, in Trizivir, in Combivir), a medication used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These products are also used before and after certain types of surgery to decrease the chance that blood transfusions CORRECT ANSWER - Epoetin Alfa Using ______injection products increases the risk that blood clots will form in or move to the legs, lungs, or brain. CORRECT ANSWER - epoetin alfa is an anti-androgen. It works in the body by preventing the actions of androgens (male hormones). It is also is used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body (metastatic). CORRECT ANSWER - Casodex (Bicalutamide) is given in combination with another medicine called a luteinizing (LOO-tee-in-ize-ing) hormone-releasing hormone, or LHRH. LHRH helps prevent the testicles from producing testosterone. CORRECT ANSWER - Casodex (Bicalutamide) can harm an unborn baby if you father a child while using this medicine. Use effective birth control to prevent pregnancy while using this drug and for at least 130 days (about 19 weeks) after your last dose. CORRECT ANSWER - Casodex (Bicalutamide) is used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in people who have already taken other medications to treat this type of nausea and vomiting without good results.It is also used to treat loss of appetite and weight loss in people who have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is in a class of medications called cannabinoids. It works by affecting the area of the brain that controls nausea, vomiting, and appetite. CORRECT ANSWER - Dronabinol a broad spectrum, non-systemic, synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that targets adults and larvae of many species of biting, chewing, scaling, soil, and flying invertebrates. Permethrin is registered by the EPA as an insecticide for use in a variety of settings. CORRECT ANSWER - permethrin is a synthetic (man-made) version of a substance called interleukin-11. Naturally occurring interleukin-11 is produced by bone marrow cells in the body and helps to make platelets, which are necessary for proper clotting of blood. This is used to help prevent low platelet counts caused by treatment with some cancer medicines. CORRECT ANSWER - Oprelvekin a sulfa drug, is used to prevent and treat infections of second- and third-degree burns. It kills a wide variety of bacteria. This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information. CORRECT ANSWER - Silver sulfadiazine Do not apply this drug to infants less than 2 months of age CORRECT ANSWER - Silver sulfadiazine a drug that has been used successfully for cancer patients to stimulate the growth of the white blood cells, making patients less vulnerable to infections, it is expected to help patients who have bone marrow damage from very high doses of radiation in much the same way. CORRECT ANSWER - Neupogen® (filgrastim) used alone or with other medications to treat malaria (a serious or life-threatening illness that is spread by mosquitos in certain parts of the world). It should not be used to prevent malaria. It is in a class of medications called antimalarials. CORRECT ANSWER - Quinine This drug should not be used to treat or prevent nighttime leg cramps. It has not been shown to be effective for this purpose, and may cause serious or life-threatening side effects, including severe bleeding problems, kidney damage, irregular heartbeat, and severe allergic reactions. CORRECT ANSWER - Quinine They can act on either gram +ve or gram -ve but not both. These antibiotics are used for the specific infection when the causative organism is known. CORRECT ANSWER - Narrow spectrum What class are Azithromycin, Clarithromycin. Erythromycin. Clindamycin. CORRECT ANSWER - Narrow spectrum are a class of antibiotics used to treat serious bacterial infections, such as those caused by gram-negative bacteria (especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa). work by preventing bacteria from producing proteins they need to grow and multiply. CORRECT ANSWER - Aminoglycosides are a subclass of antibiotics called beta-lactam antibiotics (antibiotics that have a chemical structure called a beta-lactam ring). Beta-lactam antibiotics also include cephalosporins, monobactams, and penicillins. These are broad-spectrum antibiotics. That is, they are effective against many types of bacteria, including bacteria that are resistant to many other antibiotics. They are often used with aminoglycosides to treat some infections because using them together enhances the effectiveness of both antibiotics. CORRECT ANSWER - Carbapenems are a subclass of antibiotics called beta-lactam antibiotics (antibiotics that have a chemical structure called a beta-lactam ring). Beta-lactam antibiotics also include carbapenems, monobactams, and penicillins. There are five main classifications or generations. The different generations are effective against different types of bacteria. Most bacteria have an outer covering (cell wall) that protects them. Like the other beta-lactam antibiotics, they work by preventing bacteria from forming this cell wall, resulting in death of the bacteria. Because they are structurally similar to the penicillins, some people who have an allergic reaction to penicillins may have an allergic reaction to certain these antibiotics. A health care practitioner can help assess the risk of allergic cross-reactivity between specific antibiotics in people who believe they have had an allergic reaction. CORRECT ANSWER - Cephalosporins work by interfering with DNA inside bacteria, resulting in death of the bacteria. CORRECT ANSWER - Fluoroquinolones are antibiotics used to treat complicated and/or serious infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. They work by preventing gram-positive bacteria from forming this cell wall, resulting in the death of the bacteria. TABLE CORRECT ANSWER - Glycopeptides and Lipoglycopeptides are a class of antibiotics that are often used to treat infections in people who are allergic to penicillins. They work by preventing bacteria from producing proteins they need to grow and multiply. CORRECT ANSWER - Macrolides used to treat serious infections, often after other antibiotics have been ineffective. include the following: Linezolid Tedizolid They work by preventing bacteria from producing proteins they need to grow and multiply. CORRECT ANSWER - Oxazolidinones are a subclass of antibiotics called beta-lactam antibiotics (antibiotics that have a chemical structure called a beta-lactam ring). They are used to treat infections caused by gram-positive bacteria (such as streptococcal infections) and some gram-negative bacteria (such as meningococcal infections). Amoxicillin Ampicillin Carbenicillin Dicloxacillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Penicillin G Penicillin V Piperacillin Ticarcillin Most bacteria have an outer covering (cell wall) that protects them. Like the other beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillins work by preventing bacteria from forming this cell wall, resulting in death of the bacteria. Some bacteria produce enzymes that can inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics. For infections caused by these bacteria, penicillins are given with a drug that can inhibit these enzymes, such as clavulanate or sulbactam. CORRECT ANSWER - Penicillins are a class of antibiotics used to treat several types of infections. Bacitracin Colistin Polymyxin B Most bacteria have an outer covering (cell wall) that protects them. It works by preventing bacteria from forming this wall. disrupting the cell membrane underlying this wall in some bacteria. As a result, the bacteria die. Bacitracin is used mainly to treat superficial skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It is applied directly to the skin (topically). Colistin and polymyxin B commonly cause kidney damage, so they are used only for serious infections in which bacteria are resistant to all other antibiotics and no safer alternatives are available. When colistin or polymyxin B is used, it is given by vein (intravenously). In some cases, colistin may be inhaled through a nebulizer. CORRECT ANSWER - Polypeptides are antibiotics that work by suppressing the bacteria's production of genetic material. As a result, the bacteria die. Rifabutin Rifampin (rifampicin) Rifapentine Rifaximin Rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine are used in combination with other antibiotics to treat tuberculosis and infections related to tuberculosis. They have similar side effects. Rifampin is often used in combination with other antibiotics to treat leprosy and artificial valves and joints infected with staphylococci. Rifaximin is used to treat traveler's diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli). CORRECT ANSWER - Rifamycins are a class of antibiotics that are effective against many and . Some are applied directly to the skin (topically) to treat burns and skin, vaginal, and eye infections. is commonly used in combination with trimethoprim (TMP) and is commonly used in combination with trimethoprim (TMP) CORRECT ANSWER - Sulfonomides should be taken with plenty of water when the stomach is empty because food, especially dairy products such as milk, yogurt, cheese, and ice cream, reduces its absorption (the movement of a drug into the bloodstream after it is given by mouth). CORRECT ANSWER - Tetracyclines are a group of antibiotics used to treat many different bacterial infections. Tetracyclines include the following: Doxycycline Eravacycline Minocycline Omadacycline are usually taken by mouth and work by preventing bacteria from producing proteins they need to grow and multiply. should not be taken with products that contain aluminum, calcium, magnesium, or iron. Such products include some antacids and many vitamin and mineral supplements. CORRECT ANSWER - Tetracyclines Which tetracycline can be given only by injection in a vein? CORRECT ANSWER - Eravacycline A compound formed by chemically joining two or more different substances. For example, an antibody-drug conjugate is made up of a monoclonal antibody that is chemically linked to a drug. Some conjugates are used to treat cancer. CORRECT ANSWER - Conjugated Drug is used to treat severe psoriasis that cannot be controlled by other treatments. It is also used along with rest, physical therapy, and sometimes other medications to treat severe active rheumatoid arthritis that cannot be controlled by certain other medications. It is also used to treat certain types of cancer including cancers that begin in the tissues that form around a fertilized egg in the uterus, breast cancer, lung cancer, certain cancers of the head and neck, certain types of lymphoma, and leukemia (cancer that begins in the white blood cells). It is in a class of medications called antimetabolites. It treats cancer by slowing the growth of cancer cells. CORRECT ANSWER - Methotrexate Which drug has the serious side effects: Decreased RBC Liver and lung damage, damage to lining of mouth, stomach or intestines, increases risk for lymphoma CORRECT ANSWER - methotrexate a broad spectrum, non-systemic, synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that targets adults and larvae of many species of biting, chewing, scaling, soil, and flying invertebrates. It is registered by the EPA as an insecticide for use in a variety of settings. CORRECT ANSWER - Permethrin Side effects of anti-fungals CORRECT ANSWER - Abdominal pain, upset stomach and diarrhea. Itchy skin, burning sensation or skin rash.