Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Exam 1 WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2024.

Understanding __________ statistics are very important to biomedical engineering. - answer-descriptive T/F: Only biomedical engineering use descriptive statistics. - answer-False, they could be used in many areas of study like mathematics and economics What are the four main questions? - answer-1) What do biomedical engineers do? 2)What makes biomedical engineering different than other fields of engineering? 3)What are the key fields of development in the world of biomedical engineering? 4)How are instrument systems developed? What are the perspectives of BME? - answer-Industrial, research, and experience What does technology have a major impact on? - answer-Medical care What does biomedical engineering integrate? - answer-medicine (biology and chemistry) and engineering (electronics and materials) What does technology provide tools for? - answer-research, diagnosis, and treatment What three types of individuals does biomedical engineering involve training for? - answer-1)clinical engineer in health care 2)biomedical design engineering for industry 3)research scientist What is biomedical engineering? (three types) - answer-1) Problem solver 2) technological entrepreneur 3) engineer-scientist Biomaterials - answer-a substance that has been engineered to take a form which is used to direct (by control of interactions with components of living systems) the course of any therapeutic or diagnostic procedure Clinical applications of biomaterials - answer-medical technology and regenerative medicine in all clinical disciplines, and diagnostic systems Biomaterials examples - answer-Heart valve, hip replacement, knee replacement, intraocular lens, and intravascular stent Biomechanics - answer-complex modeling with numerical methods, computer simulations Biomechanics examples - answer-cardiovascular biomechanics, cell biomechanics, dental biomechanics, respiratory biomechanics, function tissue engineering, injury biomechanics, molecular biomechanics, orthopedic biomechanics, rehabilitation biomechanics, ergonomics, and sports biomechanics Bioinstrumentation - answer-Instrumentation systems use sensors to measure a signal with data acquisition, storage, and display capabilities (along with control and feedback) Biosensors - answer-detect analyte combined with biological component of a detector (bioreceptor) Biosensors example - answer-ECG, EMG, EEG, Thermistor, bioreceptors Bioreceptor examples - answer-antibody/antigen interactions, artificial binding proteins, enzymatic interactions, affinity binding receptors, nucleic acid interactions, organelles. cells, and tissue Biosignal processing - answer-noise reduction and signal enhancement, feature extraction, pattern recognition, diagnosis Prosthetics - answer-orthopedic (a replacement limb) or neural (powered by human body or externally, "brain machine interface") Biotechnology - answer-uses living systems and organisms to make products Biotechnology examples - answer-Bioengineering, biomanufacturing, genomics (computational biology), recombinant gene techniques, pharmaceuticals, and diagnostics computational biology - answer-genomics- data analysis, modeling, statistics Tissue engineering - answer-manufacture of biological tissue either ex vivo or in vitro(outside body) or incorporation of new advancements to aid in repair and great of existing tissues in vivo (inside body) Tissue engineering examples - answer-cell isolation, epithelial tissues, bone marrow transplantation, bioreactors, biomatierals, stem cell research, and regenerative medicine medical imaging - answer-X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, ultrasound doppler, microscopy X-ray - answer-an X-ray beam is passed through the body where a portion of the X-rays are either absorbed or scattered by internal structures and remaining X-ray pattern is transmitted to a dectetor Computed tomography (CT) - answer-many X-ray images are recorded as the detector moves around the patient's body. A computer reconstructs all the individual images into cross-sectional images or "slices" of internal organs and tissues Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - answer-strong magnetic fields and radio waves to make images Ultrasound - answer-uses high-frequency sound waves to view inside the body, captured in real time so can show internal movement Microscopy - answer-wide-field and confocal intensity distributions What is a system? - answer-a product, sum is more than the parts, result in operational capability Why is the function of systems engineering? - answer-To guide the engineering of complex systems What do system engineers worry about? - answer-deal with complexity, create effective solution and manage process, requirements from user to production, and track from user level to rest cases to allow traceability Key points (career wise) - answer-depth of experience is important for success, problem solving, and understand the environment Specialization - answer-Requires the partitioning of the system into building blocks corresponding to specific product types that can be designed and built by specialists and management of their interfaces and interactions Competition - answer-System solutions through the use of system-level trade-offs among alternative approaches Balanced system - answer-a harmonious or satisfying arrangement or proportion of parts or elements (design or composition) Value equation - answer-Value= benefit/cost Feasibility - answer-functional design, system cost, external constraints/interactions, and compatibility with other systems must be considered Feasible concept - answer-a discussion of the development process, anticipated risks, general development strategy, design approach, evolution methods, production issues, and concept of operations, cot of system development and production Operational Test and Evaluation - answer-Tests trade-off between confidence in validity of the effort vs. cost What is an integral part of management of system development? - answer-Systems engineering Risk - answer-the possibility of loss, injury, or other adverse or unwelcome circumstance What is the challenge of system engineering? - answer-To minimize risk while maximizing results System engineers try to seek the... - answer-"best" system System lifecycle - answer-Stepwise evolution of a new system from concept through development production, operation, and disposal Three different sources "Systems Engineering Life Cycle" model is based off of - answer-Department of Defense Acquisition Management model, International model, and National Society of Professional Engineers model Order of system lifecycle - answer-Concept development to engineering development to post development Requirements definition - answer-Documented need of that a product should do T/F: Requirements can be optional. - answer-FALSE Seven catergories of waste - answer-Over-processing, waiting, unnecessary movement, over-production, transportation, inventory, and defects Waste definition - answer-The work element that adds no value to the product or service in the eyes of the customer. Waste only adds cost and time What is the key to biomedical engineering? - answer-Mathematics Define "state" - answer-system waiting to do something or in transition Probability - answer-A number expressing the likelihood that a specific event will occur, expressed as the ratio of the number of actual occurrences to the number of possible occurrences What is the key tool used in statistics? - answer-Probability theory What is probability theory used for? - answer-To determine where to sample, to determine how much to sample, find the models that BEST fit the data, test whether hypothesized models are consistent with the data, and guide decision making & quantify risk Random - answer-If the outcome of a single repetition is uncertain random variable - answer-a numerical outcome of a random phenomenon probability theory - answer-mathematical study of randomness What does science use probability for? - answer-The behavior of natural processes, the genetic makeup of individuals, the energy states of a subatomic particle, and the rate of return on risky investments Probability equations - answer-•P(A) [0, 1] •P(~A) = 1 - P(A) •P(D) = 1.0 P(A union B)=P(A)+P(B) P(A line B)= [P(A down union B]/P(B) What data is the only one that CANNOT be referred to as categorical? - answer-continuous data Independent factors - answer-Variables that you can change that affect the dependent variables (predictor, x, input factor) Dependent factors - answer-response, y, output Controllable factors - answer-variables or factors can be controlled by your and others Uncontrollable factors - answer-variables or factors are often called as "Environmental Factors" Covariates - answer-indecent factors that you can't control but might affect the response ex: shift, humidity, pressure Correlation - answer-if there are relationships between variables, they are said to be correlated. The most common type is linear Independence - answer-when subsequent data points do not depend upon previous values, data is said to be independent Distribution - answer-the underlying mathematical function that describe that dataset, there are many standard distributions Weight - answer-the amount ofd influence each data value has on the analysis, typically all data values have equal weight Labels - answer-descriptive information about data Model - answer-A mathematical relationship between the input and output variables Population - answer-the set of all items of interest in a statistical problem Sample - answer-A subset of the population Mean - answer-the average of all data points Median - answer-value at which 50% of the observations are smaller and 50% are larger Mode - answer-the most frequently occurring value(s) in a set of data variance - answer-the average squared distance of each data point to the mean stranded deviation - answer-the square root of the variance Standard Error of the Mean (SEM) - answer-the dispersion of the sample mean is the sample of the standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size Range - answer-the distance from the smallest data value to the largest (max-min) Average moving range - answer-the average distance of each data point to its neighbor. moving range computes ranges of two or more successive measurements Quantiles - answer-divisions of the data where x% of the value lies below the xth quantile, the median is the 50th quantile inter quartile range - answer-the 75th quantile minus the 25th quantile, it expresses the spread of the middle 50% of the data coefficient of variation (uniformity/nonuniformity) - answer-the standard deviation of the data set divided by the mean of the data set scatterplot - answer-only 1 X possible and multiple Y possible Kaplan-Meyer plot - answer-the probability of surviving in a given length of time while considering time in many small intervals Null hypothesis - answer-contains some form of equality statement Alternative hypothesis - answer-contains a statement of inequality What is the analysis of test results mainly concerned with? - answer-means or variances Process capability - answer-measures how well center the data are between the specification limits What are sources of variation? - answer-Manufacturing process capabilities, environmental conditions, aging or wear, customer usage, supplier variability, uncertainity (best and worst case assumptions) T/F: Technological advances have made the moral dimensions of health care more complex. - answer-True Difference between ethics and morality - answer-Ethics refers to particular kind of study and morality refers to its subject matter consequentilalism - answer-holds that the morally right action is always the one among the available options that has the best consequences ethics - answer-"how to act"