Summaries of articles in Place, Regions and Idenities
Ray, C. (1998). Culture, Intellectual Property and Territorial Rural Development.
Sociologia Ruralis, 38(1), 3–20.
As a reaction to globalized economy rural and urban areas in western Europa are increasingly
using their own culture as resource for achieving local development, in a culture economy
approach. This approach emerges from three sources: post-industrial consumer capitalism;
rural development policy in the EU; and growth of regionalism as social movement. The
culture economy can be conceptualized in 4 modes: Mode 1 is the commoditization of
local/regional culture, giving value to the to the resources that have place identity, like local
history, culture and foods. Mode 2 is the conceptualization of the local identity as a mean of
promotion towards extra-local consumers. Mode 3 is the promotion of the local identity
within the same area, so it stimulates local development through culture from within the area.
Mode 4 is the interconnection of the three modes. This local development through culture
economy can only be achieved in relation to extra-local stimulation, through demand, funding
and policy. Culture can be seen as local knowledge, which is the product of historical lineage
of an area, for example present in the organic and continuous development of local farming.
The products of this can be commoditized as art de la localité, which can be protected by
extra-local institutions as intellectual property. With this rural areas have an advantage
because this form of local knowledge can mostly clearly distinguishable within the landscape
of the area. The local product can also be re-discovered or invented through recovering social
history. Also regional language, as a cultural marker, can be a catalyst for achieving local
development through a culture economy. Though local and authenticity are core concepts of
the culture economy these concept are contentious. Culture economy can be linked with the
need for territories for endogenous development and the need for individuals for a sense of
identity. It also can be seen as a response to the rise of ethical consumerism and is linked with
a more sustainable way of producing.
,Kneafsey, M. (2000). Tourism, place identities and social relations in the European
rural periphery. European Urban and Regional Studies, 7(1), 35-50.
Many rural areas in EU have turned to tourism as development strategy in the face of changes
in agriculture. Tourism has an impact on place identities, some portray it as harmful to culture
well in other situations it amplifies the local culture (Hawaii). Tourism is mediated through and
shaped by place identity and place identity can change as result of tourism. Place identity is
constructed though negotiation of communities and interrelationship of global and local.
Tourism impacts are mediated through social relations within and between places. Tourism
can be seen as an important component of the culture economy and can been viewed through
the framework of (Ray 1998), Kneafsey ((200) adds to the framework Historically layered social
relations and Newer social relations Locals in Commana do not comply/are uninterested with
the local ‘ecomusée’. A reason for this could be the interplay between historically layered
social relations and newer social relations between Brittany and French state. This relation,
and the historic view of Briton way of life as ‘happy stupid Briton’ the people wanted progress
and do not want to be reminded of the perceived past. They also seem themselves as an
agricultural economy where there is no place for tourism. But the newcomers seeking ‘rural
lifestyle’ actually are the ones who produced culture economy resulting in a discursive sense
of place where the sell of the also discursive local knowledge is rejected, accepted and
conducted by different groups. The area of Foxford is seen as symbol for Irishness , but also
was portrayed as ‘problem area’. Agriculture became dependent on Eu-support. Though
tourism is seen as a way to take development in own hands and the resources are connected
with history and present. So The differences between reactions to tourism in Commana and
Foxford can be explained in terms of the interrelations of historically layered and newer social
relations within the context of attempts to promote a culture economy
, Jackson, P. (2004), Local consumption cultures in a globalizing world, Transactions of
the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 29, No. 2, 165-178.
Jackson sees the world not as globalized but rather as globalizing and states that local cultures
are often resilient/adaptive to globalization. Watts (1996) argued that globalization can
revitalize the place and it’s culture through a culture economy approach. Through this
globalization becomes a process that is shaped by local knowledge and habits. Global products
(like Coca-Cola) often have to differ their product and campaign in different parts of the world.
As is historically shown in China were cocoa traders from Britain had to establish thorough
‘heavy’ relations with the locals before they could trade with them. Another example is the
marketing of oranges in South Africa and their connection to the apartheid. The marketing
white-wash campaign had to steer away from this connection A good contemporary example
is India. Here globalized products were adapted in Indian culture , for example with through
pizza with Indian cuisine toppings. Also people in Mumbai are more fashionable and up-to-
date with the world-trends then Indian people overseas, who are more traditional. Also in
China there were protest against American globalization as it was viewed as humiliating
towards China, but eventually it became integrated within the Chinese culture. Spectatorship
is also a big form of consumerism in China. Here people do not buy the product but just look
at it. But it is also a source of envy. In Russia products are often re-used, because of the Soviet,
also object are seen as comrades. They gave independence as an secondary private economy.
This makes that Russian also view new and nice products, like product produced through
globalization with distrust. So globalization is often absorbed through customization into local
consumption which shows the resilience of local culture. It also shows us that place and the
identity of the people living there still matters in the time-space compression forces of
globalization.
Ray, C. (1998). Culture, Intellectual Property and Territorial Rural Development.
Sociologia Ruralis, 38(1), 3–20.
As a reaction to globalized economy rural and urban areas in western Europa are increasingly
using their own culture as resource for achieving local development, in a culture economy
approach. This approach emerges from three sources: post-industrial consumer capitalism;
rural development policy in the EU; and growth of regionalism as social movement. The
culture economy can be conceptualized in 4 modes: Mode 1 is the commoditization of
local/regional culture, giving value to the to the resources that have place identity, like local
history, culture and foods. Mode 2 is the conceptualization of the local identity as a mean of
promotion towards extra-local consumers. Mode 3 is the promotion of the local identity
within the same area, so it stimulates local development through culture from within the area.
Mode 4 is the interconnection of the three modes. This local development through culture
economy can only be achieved in relation to extra-local stimulation, through demand, funding
and policy. Culture can be seen as local knowledge, which is the product of historical lineage
of an area, for example present in the organic and continuous development of local farming.
The products of this can be commoditized as art de la localité, which can be protected by
extra-local institutions as intellectual property. With this rural areas have an advantage
because this form of local knowledge can mostly clearly distinguishable within the landscape
of the area. The local product can also be re-discovered or invented through recovering social
history. Also regional language, as a cultural marker, can be a catalyst for achieving local
development through a culture economy. Though local and authenticity are core concepts of
the culture economy these concept are contentious. Culture economy can be linked with the
need for territories for endogenous development and the need for individuals for a sense of
identity. It also can be seen as a response to the rise of ethical consumerism and is linked with
a more sustainable way of producing.
,Kneafsey, M. (2000). Tourism, place identities and social relations in the European
rural periphery. European Urban and Regional Studies, 7(1), 35-50.
Many rural areas in EU have turned to tourism as development strategy in the face of changes
in agriculture. Tourism has an impact on place identities, some portray it as harmful to culture
well in other situations it amplifies the local culture (Hawaii). Tourism is mediated through and
shaped by place identity and place identity can change as result of tourism. Place identity is
constructed though negotiation of communities and interrelationship of global and local.
Tourism impacts are mediated through social relations within and between places. Tourism
can be seen as an important component of the culture economy and can been viewed through
the framework of (Ray 1998), Kneafsey ((200) adds to the framework Historically layered social
relations and Newer social relations Locals in Commana do not comply/are uninterested with
the local ‘ecomusée’. A reason for this could be the interplay between historically layered
social relations and newer social relations between Brittany and French state. This relation,
and the historic view of Briton way of life as ‘happy stupid Briton’ the people wanted progress
and do not want to be reminded of the perceived past. They also seem themselves as an
agricultural economy where there is no place for tourism. But the newcomers seeking ‘rural
lifestyle’ actually are the ones who produced culture economy resulting in a discursive sense
of place where the sell of the also discursive local knowledge is rejected, accepted and
conducted by different groups. The area of Foxford is seen as symbol for Irishness , but also
was portrayed as ‘problem area’. Agriculture became dependent on Eu-support. Though
tourism is seen as a way to take development in own hands and the resources are connected
with history and present. So The differences between reactions to tourism in Commana and
Foxford can be explained in terms of the interrelations of historically layered and newer social
relations within the context of attempts to promote a culture economy
, Jackson, P. (2004), Local consumption cultures in a globalizing world, Transactions of
the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 29, No. 2, 165-178.
Jackson sees the world not as globalized but rather as globalizing and states that local cultures
are often resilient/adaptive to globalization. Watts (1996) argued that globalization can
revitalize the place and it’s culture through a culture economy approach. Through this
globalization becomes a process that is shaped by local knowledge and habits. Global products
(like Coca-Cola) often have to differ their product and campaign in different parts of the world.
As is historically shown in China were cocoa traders from Britain had to establish thorough
‘heavy’ relations with the locals before they could trade with them. Another example is the
marketing of oranges in South Africa and their connection to the apartheid. The marketing
white-wash campaign had to steer away from this connection A good contemporary example
is India. Here globalized products were adapted in Indian culture , for example with through
pizza with Indian cuisine toppings. Also people in Mumbai are more fashionable and up-to-
date with the world-trends then Indian people overseas, who are more traditional. Also in
China there were protest against American globalization as it was viewed as humiliating
towards China, but eventually it became integrated within the Chinese culture. Spectatorship
is also a big form of consumerism in China. Here people do not buy the product but just look
at it. But it is also a source of envy. In Russia products are often re-used, because of the Soviet,
also object are seen as comrades. They gave independence as an secondary private economy.
This makes that Russian also view new and nice products, like product produced through
globalization with distrust. So globalization is often absorbed through customization into local
consumption which shows the resilience of local culture. It also shows us that place and the
identity of the people living there still matters in the time-space compression forces of
globalization.
