HESI (PATHO BOOK) Exam Fall 2022. Complete Solution With Rationale 100%

HESI (PATHO BOOK) Exam Fall 2022. Complete Solution With Rationale 100% A decrease in workload, use, pressure, or blood supply appropriately describes: A. physiologic atrophy. B. pathologic atrophy. C. hypertrophy. D. hyperplasia. B. pathologic atrophy. Pathologic atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to decreased use. Physiologic atrophy usually occurs early in development; for example, the thymus gland atrophies during childhood. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells. The appropriate term for the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another is: A. metaplasia. B. hyperplasia. C. dysplasia. D. atypical hyperplasia. A. metaplasia. The term metaplasia refers to one cell type being replaced by another. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, not a change in their type. Dysplasia, also referred to as atypical hyperplasia, refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of cells. The ability to increase intracellular calcium concentrations and affect the nervous and hematopoietic systems is a characteristic of: A. carbon monoxide. B. carbon tetrachloride. C. lead. D. mercury. C. lead. Lead is able to increase intracellular calcium concentrations and may also become a calcium substitute. It affects the hematopoietic system. It is often found in paint, dirt, and pottery. Carbon tetrachloride, formerly used in dry cleaning, is converted into a highly toxic free radical that damages the liver. Carbon monoxide is an asphyxiate gas that interrupts respiration. Mercury is a heavy metal and can worsen chronic diseases like Alzheimer disease and multiple sclerosis. A patient with a collection of blood that is located between the skull and the dura is diagnosed with a condition referred to as a(n): A. epidural hematoma. B. contusion. C. subdural hematoma. D. abrasion. A. epidural hematoma. An epidural hematoma is a collection of blood between the inner surface of the skull and the dura. A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between the surface of the dura and the brain. A contusion is a bruise or bleeding into the skin and underlying tissue. Abrasion is a scrape caused by removal of the superficial layers of the skin. A tear or rip of the skin with a jagged and irregular edge is described as a(n): A. abrasion. B. incision. C. laceration. D. avulsion. C. laceration. Lacerations occur when the tensile strength of the skin is exceeded. An incision is a precise cut with an instrument that leaves regular clean edges. In a laceration, edges are often jagged and irregular. An abrasion results from the removal of the superficial layers of the skin caused by friction between the skin and the injuring object. An avulsion is an injury in which an area of tissue is pulled away, creating a flap. A characteristic of a stab wound includes: A. the injury is deeper than it is long. B. the injury is longer than it is deep. C. there is a broken bone. D. there is significant crush injury. A. the injury is deeper than it is long. The injury is deeper than it is long. There is little crush injury because the object used is sharp and it makes a clean entrance. An injury that is longer than it is deep is considered an incised wound. A broken bone is a fracture. The appropriate term for fragments of burning or unburned pieces of gunpowder that are embedded in the epidermis is: A. exit wound. B. stippling. C. blowback. D. tattooing. D. tattooing. Tattooing results from fragments of burning or unburned pieces of gunpowder exiting the barrel and striking the skin surface with enough force to be driven into the epidermis. Stippling results when fragments of gunpowder strike the skin with enough force to abrade the skin but not actually penetrate the surface. An exit wound is where the bullet exits the body. Blowback is disruption of the tissues resulting in large, gaping, and jagged appearance to the wound. Which term describes oxygen failing to reach the blood? A. Suffocation B. Strangulation C. Drowning D. Petechiae A. Suffocation Suffocation occurs when oxygen fails to reach the blood. It is a subgroup of asphyxial injuries. Strangulation is caused by compression and closure of the blood vessels and air passages by external pressure on the neck. Drowning occurs when water or fluid alters delivery of oxygen. Petechiae are found on the neck of a victim who is strangled. It is the result of compression of soft tissue and the breakage of blood vessels. The pigment that is correctly paired with its color is: A. melanin-brown-black. B. hemosiderin-green-black. C. blue nevus-brown-black. D. bilirubin-yellow-brown. A. melanin-brown-black. Melanin is brown-black pigment. This is what causes a suntan. Hemosiderin is a yellow-brown pigment and is derived from hemoglobin. Blue nevus is a benign mole that is dark blue-black in color. Bilirubin is yellow-green in color and is derived from bile. The appropriate term to identify the nuclear dissolution and destruction of chromatin by action of hydrolytic enzymes is: A. autolysis. B. pyknosis. C. karyorrhexis. D. karyolysis. D. karyolysis. Karyolysis is the nuclear dissolution and lysis of chromatin. Autolysis is a term for autodigestion. In pyknosis, the nucleus shrinks and becomes a small, dense mass of genetic material. Karyorrhexis means fragmentation of the nucleus into smaller particles, or "nuclear dust." A TRUE statement regarding calcium in cells is: A. calcium salts accumulate in healthy, living cells with normal body function. B. dystrophic calcification occurs in chronic tuberculosis. C. metastatic calcification occurs in damaged tissue. D. psammoma bodies are individual calcium molecules. B. dystrophic calcification occurs in chronic tuberculosis. Dystrophic calcification occurs in dead or dying tissues and chronic tuberculosis and is usually found in lungs and lymph nodes. Calcium accumulation normally occurs in dead or dying tissues. Psammoma bodies are several layers of calcium that clump together and form grains. Metastatic calcification consists of mineral deposits that occur in undamaged tissue as a result of hypercalcemia. Tuberculous infections are likely to result in a form of necrosis called: A. coagulative. B. liquefactive. C. fat. D. caseous. D. caseous. Caseous necrosis is normally found in the lung from infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a combination of liquefactive and coagulation necrosis. Coagulative necrosis occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands due to protein degradation. Liquefactive necrosis occurs commonly in the neurons and glial cells. Fat necrosis occurs in the breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures and is caused from cellular dissolution by enzymes called lipases. A correct concept related to aging is: A. the maximal life span on humans is 80 to 100 years. B. men outlive women in most countries. C. the maximal life span changes every decade. D. the concept of aging is well understood and documented. A. the maximal life span on humans is 80 to 100 years. The maximal life span is 80 to 100 years and has not changed over time. The average life span, however, has changed. Women outlive men in most areas of the world. The concept of aging is not completely understood. The term apoptosis is appropriately defined as: A. second messenger system. B. autostimulation. C. programmed cell death. D. pass-it-on signal. C. programmed cell death. Another term for apoptosis is programmed cell death. Autostimulation is when a cell releases a signal that actually affects the cell of origin. A pass-it-on signal is a description for a second messenger system. A second messenger system is a means by which a ligand binds with receptors of a membrane system and then triggers a second system/reaction. The process of atrophy is a result of: Select all that apply: A. aging. B. lack of blood supply. C. work demand. D. hormonal stimulation. E. need to replace lost cells. A. aging. B. lack of blood supply. D. hormonal stimulation. Atrophy is a decrease in cellular size caused by aging, disuse or lack of blood supply, hormonal stimulation, or neural stimulation. Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells caused by increased work demands or hormonal stimulation. Hyperplasia is an