NUR 231 Final Exam Questions And Answers 100% Solved

NUR 231 Final Exam Questions And Answers 100% Solved Where does hematopoietic malignancy originate? The hematopoietic stem cell, the myeloid, or the lymphoid stem cell What are lymphomas? Neoplasms of lymphoid tissue When do clonal stem cell disorders occur? When the control mechanism fail, and "indolent" clone may evolve to more aggressive clone cells. What is hematopoiesis? Rapid, continuous turnover of blood cells What is the patho of leukemia? Is a neoplastic proliferation of one particular cell type granulocytes, monocytes [i.e. precursor to macrophages], lymphocytes [type of WBC or leukocyte involved in immune function]. Cancer of WBC What are lymphomas neoplasms of? Lymphoid tissues, usually derived from B lymphocytes What is multiple myeloma? A malignancy of the most mature form of B lymphocyte - the plasma cell in the bone marrow with destruction of bone Cells Of The Immune System Hematopoiesis What is leukocytosis? Refers to an increased level of leukocytes (WBCS) in the circulation. How many cells are increased in leukocytosis? Only one specific cell When should the elevation of leukocytes normally decrease? When the physiologic need decreases What does a prolonged or progressively increasing elevation in leukocytes mean? Abnormal, should be evaluated What is a persistent leukocytosis? Hematologic malignancy What is the cause of leukemia? -Not fully known, but there is some evidence of genetic and viral influences. -Bone marrow damage from radiation exposure or from chemicals can cause leukemia What is leukemia? Hematopoietic malignancy with unregulated proliferation of leukocytes What are the types of leukemia? -Lymphoid (ALL, CLL) •Stem cells that produce lymphocytes -Myeloid (AML, CML) •Stem cells that produce non-lymphoid blood cells -Acute (few weeks) -Chronic (months to years) •Generally better treated. Can chronic leukemia transform into acute? Yes, at any point Cells of the immune system - lymphocytic, acute/chronic myeloid leukemia, mutliple myeloma. Where does leukemia start? In the bone marrow before the cells are born Where do lymphomas start? When lymphoid cells move out of bone marrow and are still trying to mature and grow What is acute myeloid leukemia a defect of? Defect in stem cell that differentiate into all myeloid cells: monocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets What is the most common non-lymphocytic leukemia? Acute Myleoid Leukemia (AML) Who does acute myeloid leukemia affect? All ages with peak incidence at age 60 years old Is the prognosis of AML variable? Yes, highly variable. What are the granulocytes affected in AML? Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils What is a significant factor of AML? Age! Pt who are younger may survive for 5 years or more after diagnosis What is the 5 year survival rate for patients with AML who are 50 or younger? 43% What is the 5 year survival rate for pt with AML who are between 50-64? 19% What is the 5 year survival rate for pts with AML who are older than 75? 1.6% How quickly do the sxs of AML develop? Over weeks, without warning What do the AML sxs result from? Insufficient production of normal blood cells What are the clinical manifestations of AML? -Neutropenia (causing fever and infection) -Thrombocytopenia (causing weakness, fatigue, and bleeding tendencies) -Hyperplasia of the gums -Petechiae -Ecchymosis -Leukemic infiltrates -Lymphadenopathy -Splenomegaly (rare) What are leukemic infiltrates? Infiltration of leukemic cells in skin or extensor surface of forearms What is lymphadenopathy?