NR 507 Patho Final Exam Study Guide Graded A 2024

Renal System ... Urinary Tract pre-quiz Q's .... 1. What are the two main functions of the kidney Review diagram for anatomical structures 1. Filtration and collection Women are at a higher risk for the development of a UTI because of having a shorter urethra. True/False True Which of the following can help to prevent a UTI? Increase water consumption Use spermicides during sexual intercourse Taking more Vitamin D Douching to prevent the growth of bacteria Increase water consumption A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection includes: Fever Flank pain Urgency Decreased Urination Urgency Which of the following is true regarding a complicated urinary tract infection? It is usually asymptomatic Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder Bacteria are located mostly in the lower urinary tract Is associated with young adults Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of a urinary tract infection (UTI)? Perimenopause Frequent showering Marathon running Pregnancy Pregnancy 1. Where do bacteria commonly come from in UTI's 2. Where can a UTI occur? 3. It is more common for women to develop a UTI especially when 1. Bacteria from the gut can invade the urinary epithelium to cause inflammation and infection 2. anywhere along the urinary tract such as the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney 3. pregnant, sexually active, during post-menopause with estrogen-deficiency and when being treated with antibiotics where the normal bacteria flora is diminished 1. Escherichia coli can bind to cells in the lower urinary tract and hide from the immune cells. The bacteria can form biofilms-what is this? 2. Describe the pathophysiology of a UTI that can lead to septic shock or bacterimia Note the diagram btw a male & female urinary tracts (who's is much shorter) 1. A biofilm is any group of microorganisms that allow them to stick to one another and adhere to surfaces that help them survive. 2. First, bacteria enter and contaminate the lower urinary tract. This causes the colonization of bacteria in the urethra and the bladder. If the UTI progresses the bacteria can ascend to the kidneys and colonize there. At this point, the infection becomes an upper UTI. From there, if left untreated, the bacteria can spread into the circulation via the renal veins causing bacteremia UTI risk factors 1. For women, pregnancy is a risk factor. why? 2. The female ureter is shorter and 3. Post-menopausal women are also at risk because 4. Sexual intercourse is a risk factor especially if women use 5. Indwelling urinary catheterization is also a major cause of a UTI 1. During pregnancy, progesterone relaxes smooth muscle that causes stasis of urine, allowing the bacteria to colonize 2. allows for the entrance of bacteria into the urethra. 3. lack of estrogen results in vaginal and urethral dryness promoting an environment for bacteria growth. 4. spermicides 5. Fibrinogen accumulates on the catheter which provides an ideal environment for the attachment of uropathogens that then form biofilms. This results in epithelial damage Lower vs. Upper Tract Disorders 1. Lower UTI's include what parts of the urinary tract 2. In a lower urinary tract disorder, the individual experiences (blank) Other common symptoms include 3. initially, a urine dipstick can be performed to identify hematuria, proteinuria, and the presence of nitrites. The presence of nitrites 4. an individual can have a negative urine dipstick but still have a UTI. If this is the case, then the NP can send the urine for a 5. On microscopic exam of the urine, a patient with cystitis will have 1. urethra (urethritis) or bladder (cystitis). In males, the cystitis may be associated with prostatitis. 2. urgency associated with burning on urination. frequency, dysuria, and suprapubic pain. The urine may also appear cloudy and have an odor. 3. is highly specific for bacterial infection 4. culture and sensitivity (C&S) test and microscopy 5. a white blood cell (WBC) count of greater than 5000 high power field (hpf) and hematuria