PSYCH10 Paquette-Smith UCLA Final Questions With 100% Correct Answers

PSYCH10 Paquette-Smith UCLA Final Questions With 100% Correct Answers Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - answerSensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operations sensorimotor stage - answerin Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. develop sense of object permanence preoperational stage - answerin Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. do not pass conservation tests because they have centration and a lack of reversibility. egocentric: do not pass three mountains task. concrete operational stage - answerin Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. difficulty about thinking abstractly or reasoning hypothetically formal operational stage - answerin Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts short-term memory (STM) - answerA limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 to 30 seconds. holds around 5-9 chunks of information. working memory - answerthe manipulation of the short-term memory in order to use it for the task you are doing Atkinson-Shiffrin Model - answera memory system that contains: sensory memory, short- term memory and long-term memory long-term memory - answerthe relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. explicit long term memory - answeralso called declarative memory, it can be verbally stated and is knowing "what." episodic vs semantic episodic long-term memory - answermemories of actual events or things you can visual the environment/situation of semantic long-term memory - answerfacts and knowledge, but you do not know how/why you know it. implicit long-term memory - answerexpressed behaviorally. knowing "how". procedural memory, classical conditioning, priming procedural implicit long-term memory - answerskills, knowing how to do something classical conditioning implicit long-term memory - answerassociative learning, operant learning priming implicit long term memory - answerexposure to things influences behavior amnesia types - answerretrograde and anterograde anterograde amnesia - answercannot form new memories after the "accident/event" retrograde amnesia - answerinability to retrieve information before a particular date/time encoding - answerthe process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory storage - answerretaining encoded information over time retrieval - answerpulling memories out of storage. depends on cues/hints. similar context helps. for studying, if you study in a lot of different places, you have more retrieval cues how to recall what you know - answerrecall, recognition, reaction time memory failures - answertransience, absentmindedness, blocking, memory misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence transcience - answerforgetting over time absentmindedness - answerlapses in our attention that result in memory failure interference types - answerproactive and retroactive proactive interference - answerold learning gets in the way of the new retroactive interference - answernew learning gets in the way of the old blocking - answerfailure to recall something even though you know it, like when it is at the tip of your tongue schema - answerorganized knowledge structure/mental model that we've stored in memory mnemonics - answermemory aids that use vivid imagery/stories to memorize long strings of info Sperling's Iconic Memory Experiment - answer-people couldnt remember all of the letters in the display -later he cued only one row and people could remember the entire row -capacity is essentially unlimited, but sensory memory fades very quickly misinformation effect - answerincorporating misleading info into one's memory of an event flashbulb memory - answerhighly detailed, vivid memory of an emotionally significant event language - answersystem that relates sounds or gestures to meaning generativity - answerthe desire, in middle age, to use one's accumulated wisdom to guide future generations components of language - answerphonemes, morphemes, syntax phoneme - answersmallest unit of sound, like bah vs pah morpheme - answersmallest unit that carries meaning, like a word syntax - answersentence structure theories of language development - answerbehaviorist, nativist, interactionist behaviorist: language development - answerlanguage is learned through reinforcement and nurturing. issues: parents respond to content more than grammar, it doesn't explain why kids know words they've never heard before, and speech errors reflect overgeneralization of grammatical rules nativist: language development - answerinnate mental structures that guide language acquisition. language is learned easier in critical period. noam chomsky interactionist: language development - answerinnate capacity for language interacts with experience. supported by creation of sign language by Nicaraguan children when growing up in a deaf school. categorical speech perception - answertendency to perceive as identical a range of sounds that belong to the same phonemic class perceptual narrowing for phonemes - answerinfants tune into the sounds of their native language. lose ability to see contrasts in other languages by 10-12 months. early speech production - answerbirth: crying 1 month: cooing 6 months: babbling