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Florence Nightingale's Environment Theory Impact of environment on health. Focus on preventative care: Wash hands etc. Health Belief Model Addresses the relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors 1. Modifying variables 2. Perceived ability/susceptibility 3. Perceived Benefits vs Barriers 4. Cues to action Brainpower Read More Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:15 Full screen Modifying variables (HBM) An individual's personal factors that affect whether the new behavior is adopted (Race, gender, age, economy and education) Perceived ability and susceptibility of getting a disease If they feel like they are more likely to get it the more likely they will take action Perceived Benefits vs Barriers of taking action See more benefits than barriers then they will take action, vice versa Cues to action (HBM) Factors that activate "readiness to change" Advice from doctors, seeing advertisements, etc Community-based nursing Acute and chronic care of individuals and families to strengthen their capacity for self-care and promote independence in decision making. (Home health nurse) Community-oriented nursing Focus on communities, populations - health promotion, disease prevention, education - indirect nursing activities (PHN) Respect for autonomy refers to respecting patients' rights to make decisions about their own healthcare Nonmaleficence do no harm Beneficence Doing good or causing good to be done; kindly action Distributive Justice Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals Epidemiology Triangle agent, host, environment Agent (Epidemiological Triangle) Animate or inanimate factor that must be present of lacking for a condition/ disease to develop. The agent is what is causing the problem. Ex. leak of a dangerous chemical, outbreak of Ebola virus Host (Epidemiological Triangle) A living species (human/ animal) that is capable of being infected or affected by the agent. Individual exposed to agent resulting in a condition/ disease. (age, sex, race, lifestyle, immune status) Environment (Epidemiological Triangle) All that is internal or external to a given host or agent that is affected by the agent. External conditions (physical, biological, education, socioeconomic status, healthcare access, social support, culture, climate). Incidence vs. Prevalence Incidence is the rate of occurrence in a specified group of people. usually studied in longitudinal method. (New) Prevalence is determined by counting the number of individuals who currently have it. usually done by cross-sectional. (All) Healthy People 2020 Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages. Primary Prevention Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring. (Education [8th or lower], immunizations, etc.) Secondary Prevention Efforts to limit the effects of an injury or illness that you cannot completely prevent. Limit severity. (Screening) Tertiary Prevention Actions taken to contain damage once a disease or disability has progressed beyond its early stages Aculturation Adopting new cultural traits while maintaining some of the former ones Ethnocentrism Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. Culture assessment Ask about faith and belief systems to understand culture and spirituality relationships. Don't use family member as interpreter Environmental risks toxins, air pollution, water pollution, contamination (What is their occupation, living situation etc.) Toxins Lead, pesticides, asbestos, radon Air pollution CO, tobacco smoke, airborne Water pollution Waste products, chemical runoff, water quality, etc. (Water heater should be <120 F) Lead exposure Old homes before 1978 = risk for lead-based paint. Screen kids 6mo-5yr blood/lead. Wet mop floors instead of vacuum. Cold water is safer Medicare A program for over 65, receving disability for 2+yrs, ALS, or ES renal dz Medicare Part A The part of the Medicare program that pays for hospitalization, care in a skilled nursing facility, home health care, and hospice care. Medicare Part B Outpatient care: Diagnostic services, PT/OT Medicare Part C [Typically through private insurance] Managed care health plans offered to medicare beneficiaries under the medicare advantage program