Samenvatting: Theorie van de Internationale Betrekkingen
INLEIDENDE LESSEN: BUILDING BLOCKS ....................................................................................................... 5
1. LEVEL OF ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Human nature ........................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 The individual ............................................................................................................................................ 6
1.3 The State.................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4 The international system ........................................................................................................................... 7
2. ACTORS ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.1 The State.................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.2 Transnational government networks ...................................................................................................... 11
2.3 International Governmental Organizations (IGO’s) ................................................................................ 12
2.4 Individuals and foreign policy elites ........................................................................................................ 12
2.5 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) ............................................................................................. 12
2.6 Multi-stakeholder partnerships or global public policy networks ........................................................... 12
2.7 Epistemic communities............................................................................................................................ 13
2.8 Classes ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
3. INTERESTS .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Material and Immaterial interests .......................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Red Lines.................................................................................................................................................. 14
3.3 Theorizing the formation of interests...................................................................................................... 14
4. POWER ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
4.1 Forms of power ....................................................................................................................................... 15
4.2 Sources of power ..................................................................................................................................... 18
4.3 Asymmetrical and hybrid warfare ........................................................................................................... 19
INLEIDENDE LESSEN: ARTIKEL BARNETT & DUVALL (2005) → ‘POWER IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS’ ............ 20
1. ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 21
3. CONCEPTUALIZING POWER .................................................................................................................................... 24
3.1 How power is expressed: interaction or constitution .............................................................................. 24
3.2 The specificity of social relations of power: direct or diffuse .................................................................. 25
3.3 Compulsory power .................................................................................................................................. 27
3.4 Institutional power .................................................................................................................................. 29
3.5 Structural power...................................................................................................................................... 30
3.6 Productive power .................................................................................................................................... 31
REALISME I: INLEIDING EN DE TRADITIE VAN HET MACHTSEVENWICHT....................................................... 33
1. INLEIDING .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
2. MACHT ALS CENTRALE GEGEVEN IN DE INTERNATIONALE POLITIEK ................................................................................. 33
3. RAISON D’ÉTAT (NATIONAAL BELANG) VERSUS IDEALISME ............................................................................................ 33
4. EEN PESSIMISTISCH MENS- EN/ OF WERELDBEELD: MACHT EN CONFLICT......................................................................... 34
5. MACHT, VEILIGHEIDSDILEMMA, MACHTSEVENWICHT EN POLARITEIT ............................................................................. 35
6. MACHTSDEFINITIES IN HET REALISME ...................................................................................................................... 35
6.1 Het Klassiek Realisme .............................................................................................................................. 36
6.2 Het Neorealisme ...................................................................................................................................... 40
REALISME II: KERNBEGRIPPEN IN DE MACHTSEVENWICHT TRADITIE ........................................................... 52
1. ANARCHIE EN VEILIGHEIDSDILEMMA ....................................................................................................................... 52
2. MACHTSEVENWICHT ............................................................................................................................................ 55
2.1 Historische antecedenten ........................................................................................................................ 56
2.2 Verschillende definities en interpretaties ................................................................................................ 56
2.3 Strategieën van machtsevenwicht in het realisme ................................................................................. 59
2.4 Machtsevenwicht, polariteit en balancing .............................................................................................. 62
2.5 Kritiek ...................................................................................................................................................... 63
2.6 Hedging en andere strategieën ............................................................................................................... 64
1
,REALISME III: DOMINANTIETHEORIEËN ..................................................................................................... 65
1. POWER TRANSITION THEORY (MACHTSTRANSITIETHEORIE).......................................................................................... 67
1.1 Grootmachten, dominante macht en uitdager ....................................................................................... 67
1.2 Macht: bevolking, technologie en politieke macht ................................................................................. 68
1.3 Oorzaken van oorlog ............................................................................................................................... 69
1.4 Enkele bedenkingen................................................................................................................................. 69
2. WERELDLEIDERSCHAPSTHEORIE VAN MODELSKI ........................................................................................................ 70
2.1 Het wereldsysteem, functionele en geografische differentiatie .............................................................. 71
2.2 The global polity (het globale politieke systeem), de globale machten en de wereldleider ................... 71
2.3 De leiderschapscycli ................................................................................................................................ 73
2.4 Cycli als leerprocessen ............................................................................................................................. 73
2.5 Kritische evaluatie ................................................................................................................................... 75
3. NASCHRIFT: REALISME, MACHTSEVENWICHTS- EN DOMINANTIEDENKEN VANDAAG .......................................................... 75
THE TRAGEDY OF GREAT POWER POLITICS (JOHN MEARSHEIMER) .............................................................. 76
POLARITY: THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPT ............................................................... 78
1. ARTIKEL VAN PROF KEERSMAEKER........................................................................................................................... 81
LIBERALISME DEEL I: VREDE ...................................................................................................................... 85
1. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 85
2. ANTECEDENTS TO PRESENT-DAY LIBERAL IR THEORY ................................................................................................... 85
3. OVERVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY LIBERAL STRANDS...................................................................................................... 87
3.1 Political-Philosophical strands................................................................................................................. 87
3.2 Liberal scientific projects ......................................................................................................................... 88
4. THE KANTIAN TRIANGLE ....................................................................................................................................... 89
5. DEMOCRATIC PEACE THEORY ................................................................................................................................. 89
5.1 Monadic explanations ............................................................................................................................. 90
5.2 Dyadic explanations ................................................................................................................................ 91
5.3 Criticism ................................................................................................................................................... 92
6. ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE AND PEACE ............................................................................................................... 94
6.1 How countries’ fates get interwoven through trade and finance ........................................................... 94
6.2 Criticism ................................................................................................................................................... 94
6.3 Security communities .............................................................................................................................. 96
7. INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND PEACE ................................................................................................................ 96
8. INTERRELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE KANTIAN TRIANGLE ................................................................................................ 97
LIBERALISM PART II: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ................................................................................. 99
1. WHAT REALISM SAYS ABOUT INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ........................................................................................ 99
1.1 Relative gains .......................................................................................................................................... 99
1.2 Free riding and cheating ....................................................................................................................... 100
1.3 Realist approaches to international cooperation .................................................................................. 101
1.4 Hegemonic Stability Theory .................................................................................................................. 102
2. NEOLIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM ........................................................................................................................... 103
2.1 Complex interdependence and the demand for international cooperation .......................................... 104
2.2 The demand for international regimes ................................................................................................. 106
2.3 The effects of international regimes ..................................................................................................... 106
2.4 After hegemony ..................................................................................................................................... 107
2.5 Critical reflections .................................................................................................................................. 107
3. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 108
3.1 Centralization ........................................................................................................................................ 108
3.2 Independence ........................................................................................................................................ 109
4. INTERNATIONAL REGIME COMPLEXES ..................................................................................................................... 109
4.1 Defining international regimes complexes ............................................................................................ 109
4.2 The evolution of regime complexes ....................................................................................................... 110
4.3 The effects of regime complexes ........................................................................................................... 111
5. THE CRISIS OF LIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM .............................................................................................................. 111
2
,INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCHOOL (ENGELSE SCHOOL) ............................................................................... 112
1. INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................................ 112
2. METHODISCHE EN EPISTEMOLOGISCHE UITGANGSPUNTEN......................................................................................... 113
3. KERNBEGRIPPEN ............................................................................................................................................... 114
3.1 De drie tradities: Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant ......................................................................................... 114
3.2 Internationaal systeem.......................................................................................................................... 114
3.3 Internationale samenleving .................................................................................................................. 114
3.4 Wereldsamenleving ............................................................................................................................... 115
3.5 Verband tussen internationaal systeem, internationale samenleving en wereldsamenleving ............. 116
4. KERNBEGRIPPEN: INTERNATIONALE INSTITUTIES....................................................................................................... 116
5. HET DEBAT TUSSEN PLURALISTEN EN SOLIDARISTEN .................................................................................................. 118
6. KRITIEKEN OP DE ENGELSE SCHOOL....................................................................................................................... 120
7. HET ONTSTAAN EN DE EXPANSIE VAN DE HEDENDAAGSE INTERNATIONALE SAMENLEVING ................................................. 120
8. OORLOG IN DE ENGELSE SCHOOL ......................................................................................................................... 122
9. STAATSSOEVEREINITEIT EN HUMANITAIRE INTERVENTIE ............................................................................................. 123
9.1 Humanitaire interventie en de 3 tradities van Bellamy......................................................................... 124
MARXISM............................................................................................................................................... 125
1. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 125
2. THE IMPERIALISM DEBATE ................................................................................................................................... 126
3. NEO-GRAMSCIAN INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY ........................................................................................... 130
3.1 Building on Gramsci’s conceptual and theoretical framework ............................................................. 130
3.2 The neo-Gramscian IPE theory of Robert Cox ....................................................................................... 131
4. WORLD-SYSTEMS ANALYSIS (WSA) ..................................................................................................................... 142
4.1 The French Annales School .................................................................................................................... 142
4.2 Dependencia theory .............................................................................................................................. 143
4.3 Basic assumptions and concepts ........................................................................................................... 143
4.4 The capitalist world-system................................................................................................................... 144
4.5 Hegemony ............................................................................................................................................. 146
4.6 The end of the capitalist world-system and bifurcation........................................................................ 147
CONSTRUCTIVSM ................................................................................................................................... 148
1. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 148
1.1 Critical versus Rationalist theory........................................................................................................... 148
2. INTERNATIONAL NORMS ..................................................................................................................................... 150
3. ROLE THEORY ................................................................................................................................................... 152
4. ALEXANDER WENDT’S SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM ..................................................................................................... 153
4.1 The agent-structure problem and the structuration theory.................................................................. 153
4.2 How actors shape structures ................................................................................................................. 154
4.3 How structures shape actors’ behavior and character ......................................................................... 155
4.4 Many international cultures can exist ................................................................................................... 156
4.5 Case: Can the ‘Clash of Civilizations’ become reality ............................................................................ 158
4.6 Change of international culture ............................................................................................................ 159
POSTCOLONIALISM ................................................................................................................................. 161
1. TEKST “POSTCOLONIALSM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS” VAN JAN WILKENS ............................................................... 161
1.1 Ontologische claims .............................................................................................................................. 162
1.2 Epistemologische claims........................................................................................................................ 163
1.3 Random zaken in de tekst...................................................................................................................... 164
FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS...................................................................................................................... 166
1. MAIN CONCEPTS IN FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 166
2. FPA VIS-À-VIS OTHER IR APPROACHES ................................................................................................................... 167
3. LEVELS OF ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................... 169
3.1 The role of individuals in foreign policy decision making...................................................................... 170
3.2 Group decision-making, bureaucracies, and organizations .................................................................. 171
3
, 3.3 The role of the public opinion, interest groups, and the media ............................................................ 175
3.4 The role of culture, socialization, and identity ...................................................................................... 177
4. HOW TO CONDUCT RESEARCH IN FPA.................................................................................................................... 179
4.1 Individual level of analysis..................................................................................................................... 179
4
INLEIDENDE LESSEN: BUILDING BLOCKS ....................................................................................................... 5
1. LEVEL OF ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Human nature ........................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 The individual ............................................................................................................................................ 6
1.3 The State.................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4 The international system ........................................................................................................................... 7
2. ACTORS ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.1 The State.................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.2 Transnational government networks ...................................................................................................... 11
2.3 International Governmental Organizations (IGO’s) ................................................................................ 12
2.4 Individuals and foreign policy elites ........................................................................................................ 12
2.5 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) ............................................................................................. 12
2.6 Multi-stakeholder partnerships or global public policy networks ........................................................... 12
2.7 Epistemic communities............................................................................................................................ 13
2.8 Classes ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
3. INTERESTS .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Material and Immaterial interests .......................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Red Lines.................................................................................................................................................. 14
3.3 Theorizing the formation of interests...................................................................................................... 14
4. POWER ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
4.1 Forms of power ....................................................................................................................................... 15
4.2 Sources of power ..................................................................................................................................... 18
4.3 Asymmetrical and hybrid warfare ........................................................................................................... 19
INLEIDENDE LESSEN: ARTIKEL BARNETT & DUVALL (2005) → ‘POWER IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS’ ............ 20
1. ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 21
3. CONCEPTUALIZING POWER .................................................................................................................................... 24
3.1 How power is expressed: interaction or constitution .............................................................................. 24
3.2 The specificity of social relations of power: direct or diffuse .................................................................. 25
3.3 Compulsory power .................................................................................................................................. 27
3.4 Institutional power .................................................................................................................................. 29
3.5 Structural power...................................................................................................................................... 30
3.6 Productive power .................................................................................................................................... 31
REALISME I: INLEIDING EN DE TRADITIE VAN HET MACHTSEVENWICHT....................................................... 33
1. INLEIDING .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
2. MACHT ALS CENTRALE GEGEVEN IN DE INTERNATIONALE POLITIEK ................................................................................. 33
3. RAISON D’ÉTAT (NATIONAAL BELANG) VERSUS IDEALISME ............................................................................................ 33
4. EEN PESSIMISTISCH MENS- EN/ OF WERELDBEELD: MACHT EN CONFLICT......................................................................... 34
5. MACHT, VEILIGHEIDSDILEMMA, MACHTSEVENWICHT EN POLARITEIT ............................................................................. 35
6. MACHTSDEFINITIES IN HET REALISME ...................................................................................................................... 35
6.1 Het Klassiek Realisme .............................................................................................................................. 36
6.2 Het Neorealisme ...................................................................................................................................... 40
REALISME II: KERNBEGRIPPEN IN DE MACHTSEVENWICHT TRADITIE ........................................................... 52
1. ANARCHIE EN VEILIGHEIDSDILEMMA ....................................................................................................................... 52
2. MACHTSEVENWICHT ............................................................................................................................................ 55
2.1 Historische antecedenten ........................................................................................................................ 56
2.2 Verschillende definities en interpretaties ................................................................................................ 56
2.3 Strategieën van machtsevenwicht in het realisme ................................................................................. 59
2.4 Machtsevenwicht, polariteit en balancing .............................................................................................. 62
2.5 Kritiek ...................................................................................................................................................... 63
2.6 Hedging en andere strategieën ............................................................................................................... 64
1
,REALISME III: DOMINANTIETHEORIEËN ..................................................................................................... 65
1. POWER TRANSITION THEORY (MACHTSTRANSITIETHEORIE).......................................................................................... 67
1.1 Grootmachten, dominante macht en uitdager ....................................................................................... 67
1.2 Macht: bevolking, technologie en politieke macht ................................................................................. 68
1.3 Oorzaken van oorlog ............................................................................................................................... 69
1.4 Enkele bedenkingen................................................................................................................................. 69
2. WERELDLEIDERSCHAPSTHEORIE VAN MODELSKI ........................................................................................................ 70
2.1 Het wereldsysteem, functionele en geografische differentiatie .............................................................. 71
2.2 The global polity (het globale politieke systeem), de globale machten en de wereldleider ................... 71
2.3 De leiderschapscycli ................................................................................................................................ 73
2.4 Cycli als leerprocessen ............................................................................................................................. 73
2.5 Kritische evaluatie ................................................................................................................................... 75
3. NASCHRIFT: REALISME, MACHTSEVENWICHTS- EN DOMINANTIEDENKEN VANDAAG .......................................................... 75
THE TRAGEDY OF GREAT POWER POLITICS (JOHN MEARSHEIMER) .............................................................. 76
POLARITY: THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPT ............................................................... 78
1. ARTIKEL VAN PROF KEERSMAEKER........................................................................................................................... 81
LIBERALISME DEEL I: VREDE ...................................................................................................................... 85
1. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 85
2. ANTECEDENTS TO PRESENT-DAY LIBERAL IR THEORY ................................................................................................... 85
3. OVERVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY LIBERAL STRANDS...................................................................................................... 87
3.1 Political-Philosophical strands................................................................................................................. 87
3.2 Liberal scientific projects ......................................................................................................................... 88
4. THE KANTIAN TRIANGLE ....................................................................................................................................... 89
5. DEMOCRATIC PEACE THEORY ................................................................................................................................. 89
5.1 Monadic explanations ............................................................................................................................. 90
5.2 Dyadic explanations ................................................................................................................................ 91
5.3 Criticism ................................................................................................................................................... 92
6. ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE AND PEACE ............................................................................................................... 94
6.1 How countries’ fates get interwoven through trade and finance ........................................................... 94
6.2 Criticism ................................................................................................................................................... 94
6.3 Security communities .............................................................................................................................. 96
7. INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND PEACE ................................................................................................................ 96
8. INTERRELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE KANTIAN TRIANGLE ................................................................................................ 97
LIBERALISM PART II: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ................................................................................. 99
1. WHAT REALISM SAYS ABOUT INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ........................................................................................ 99
1.1 Relative gains .......................................................................................................................................... 99
1.2 Free riding and cheating ....................................................................................................................... 100
1.3 Realist approaches to international cooperation .................................................................................. 101
1.4 Hegemonic Stability Theory .................................................................................................................. 102
2. NEOLIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM ........................................................................................................................... 103
2.1 Complex interdependence and the demand for international cooperation .......................................... 104
2.2 The demand for international regimes ................................................................................................. 106
2.3 The effects of international regimes ..................................................................................................... 106
2.4 After hegemony ..................................................................................................................................... 107
2.5 Critical reflections .................................................................................................................................. 107
3. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 108
3.1 Centralization ........................................................................................................................................ 108
3.2 Independence ........................................................................................................................................ 109
4. INTERNATIONAL REGIME COMPLEXES ..................................................................................................................... 109
4.1 Defining international regimes complexes ............................................................................................ 109
4.2 The evolution of regime complexes ....................................................................................................... 110
4.3 The effects of regime complexes ........................................................................................................... 111
5. THE CRISIS OF LIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM .............................................................................................................. 111
2
,INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCHOOL (ENGELSE SCHOOL) ............................................................................... 112
1. INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................................ 112
2. METHODISCHE EN EPISTEMOLOGISCHE UITGANGSPUNTEN......................................................................................... 113
3. KERNBEGRIPPEN ............................................................................................................................................... 114
3.1 De drie tradities: Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant ......................................................................................... 114
3.2 Internationaal systeem.......................................................................................................................... 114
3.3 Internationale samenleving .................................................................................................................. 114
3.4 Wereldsamenleving ............................................................................................................................... 115
3.5 Verband tussen internationaal systeem, internationale samenleving en wereldsamenleving ............. 116
4. KERNBEGRIPPEN: INTERNATIONALE INSTITUTIES....................................................................................................... 116
5. HET DEBAT TUSSEN PLURALISTEN EN SOLIDARISTEN .................................................................................................. 118
6. KRITIEKEN OP DE ENGELSE SCHOOL....................................................................................................................... 120
7. HET ONTSTAAN EN DE EXPANSIE VAN DE HEDENDAAGSE INTERNATIONALE SAMENLEVING ................................................. 120
8. OORLOG IN DE ENGELSE SCHOOL ......................................................................................................................... 122
9. STAATSSOEVEREINITEIT EN HUMANITAIRE INTERVENTIE ............................................................................................. 123
9.1 Humanitaire interventie en de 3 tradities van Bellamy......................................................................... 124
MARXISM............................................................................................................................................... 125
1. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 125
2. THE IMPERIALISM DEBATE ................................................................................................................................... 126
3. NEO-GRAMSCIAN INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY ........................................................................................... 130
3.1 Building on Gramsci’s conceptual and theoretical framework ............................................................. 130
3.2 The neo-Gramscian IPE theory of Robert Cox ....................................................................................... 131
4. WORLD-SYSTEMS ANALYSIS (WSA) ..................................................................................................................... 142
4.1 The French Annales School .................................................................................................................... 142
4.2 Dependencia theory .............................................................................................................................. 143
4.3 Basic assumptions and concepts ........................................................................................................... 143
4.4 The capitalist world-system................................................................................................................... 144
4.5 Hegemony ............................................................................................................................................. 146
4.6 The end of the capitalist world-system and bifurcation........................................................................ 147
CONSTRUCTIVSM ................................................................................................................................... 148
1. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 148
1.1 Critical versus Rationalist theory........................................................................................................... 148
2. INTERNATIONAL NORMS ..................................................................................................................................... 150
3. ROLE THEORY ................................................................................................................................................... 152
4. ALEXANDER WENDT’S SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM ..................................................................................................... 153
4.1 The agent-structure problem and the structuration theory.................................................................. 153
4.2 How actors shape structures ................................................................................................................. 154
4.3 How structures shape actors’ behavior and character ......................................................................... 155
4.4 Many international cultures can exist ................................................................................................... 156
4.5 Case: Can the ‘Clash of Civilizations’ become reality ............................................................................ 158
4.6 Change of international culture ............................................................................................................ 159
POSTCOLONIALISM ................................................................................................................................. 161
1. TEKST “POSTCOLONIALSM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS” VAN JAN WILKENS ............................................................... 161
1.1 Ontologische claims .............................................................................................................................. 162
1.2 Epistemologische claims........................................................................................................................ 163
1.3 Random zaken in de tekst...................................................................................................................... 164
FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS...................................................................................................................... 166
1. MAIN CONCEPTS IN FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 166
2. FPA VIS-À-VIS OTHER IR APPROACHES ................................................................................................................... 167
3. LEVELS OF ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................... 169
3.1 The role of individuals in foreign policy decision making...................................................................... 170
3.2 Group decision-making, bureaucracies, and organizations .................................................................. 171
3
, 3.3 The role of the public opinion, interest groups, and the media ............................................................ 175
3.4 The role of culture, socialization, and identity ...................................................................................... 177
4. HOW TO CONDUCT RESEARCH IN FPA.................................................................................................................... 179
4.1 Individual level of analysis..................................................................................................................... 179
4
