Landelijke Kennis Toets (LKT) – Engels – Samenvatting
, • Word class, part of speech.
Noun = identifies a person, thing, idea, quality or state such as anger, courage, life, luckiness etc.
Articles: The – A – An are most commonly used in front of the noun. Example: the dog, a dog, an
apple, an office. There are uncountable nouns & countable nouns
Uncountable nouns: Used with singular verbs, we cannot use a/an & don’t add -s. Example words:
tea, sugar, water, air, rice, music, knowledge, beauty, anger, fear, love, money, spaghetti, research,
safety, evidence, bred, news, traffic, trouble, snow, work.
Countable nouns: have singular & plural forms +s. Example: one girl, two girls. One table, four tables.
Verb = describes actions, events, situations & changes. Example: the dog sleeps, Maria is watching
television.
Adjective = describes a noun, giving extra information about the noun. Example: An exciting
adventure, a green apple, a tidy room.
Adverb = gives information about a verb, adjective or another adverb which can make the meaning
stronger or weaker. Most adverbs end in -ly. The adverb often appears between the subject and its
verb. Example: She nearly lost everything, I really don’t care, I so want to go to the concert. Some
adverbs tell the location of an action, or where it occurred, example: He lived in the north of France,
,other adverbs like this would be: here, there, everywhere, somewhere, underground, outside,
upstairs, downstairs etc. Examples of adverbs that tell when an action occurred, or its time, include:
First, last, tomorrow, yesterday, today, early, later, often, never, monthly, usually, always etc.
Pronoun = used instead of a noun that’s already known/mentioned. Cindy(noun) left early because
she was tired. She is the pronoun. Personal pronouns: I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they,
them. Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs.
Preposition = used in front of nouns or pronouns. Examples: on, in, under, behind, over, near, before.
He sat on the chair, he drove over the bridge, they were sitting by the tree, the sun is above the
clouds.
Conjunction = holds words, phrases and clauses together. There are 3 different kinds of conjunctions
– coordinating, subordinating, and correlative conjunctions.
1. Coordination conjunction
They can join together words, phrases and independent clauses. There are 7 of them, and they’re
easy to remember if you can just remember FAN BOYS:
• For - Explains reason or purpose (just like “because”) I go to the park every Sunday, for I love to
watch the ducks on the lake.
• And - Adds one thing to another I go to the park every Sunday to watch the ducks on the
lake and the shirtless men playing soccer.
• Nor - Used to present an alternative negative idea to an already stated negative idea I don’t go
for the fresh air nor really for the ducks. Honestly, I just like the soccer.
• But - Shows contrast The soccer in the park is entertaining in the winter, but it’s better in the
heat of summer.
• Or - Presents an alternative or a choice The men play on teams: shirts or skins.
• Yet - Introduces a contrasting idea that follows the preceding idea logically (similar to “but”) I
always take a book to read, yet I never seem to turn a single page.
• So - Indicates effect, result or consequence I’ve started dating one of the soccer players, so now
I have an excuse to watch the game each week.
2. Subordinating conjunction
A subordinating conjunction always introduces a dependent clause, tying it to an independent clause.
In contrast to coordinating conjunctions, a subordinate conjunction can often come first in a
sentence. This is due simply to the nature of the relationship between the dependent and the
independent clause. In English, there are lots of subordinating conjunctions, but the most common
ones are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that,"
"though," "until," "when," "where," "whether," and "while." Here are a few examples of how
subordinating conjunctions are used:
• “Because of you, I never stray too far from the sidewalk”.
• “If you leave me now, you’ll take away the biggest part of me”.
• “When I see you smile, I can face the world”.
• “You don’t know what you’ve got ‘til it’s gone”.
• “I guess I’ll never be the same since I fell for you”.
• “As I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I take a look at my life and realize there’s
nothing left”.
, 3. Correlative conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions come in pairs, and you have to use both of them in different places in a
sentence to make them work. They include pairs like “both/and,” “whether/or,” “either/or,”
“neither/nor,” “not/but” and “not only/but also.”
• I either want the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate.
• I’ll have both the cheesecake and the frozen hot chocolate.
• I didn’t know whether you’d want the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate, so I got you both.
• Oh, you want neither the cheesecake nor the frozen hot chocolate? No problem.
• I’ll eat them both - not only the cheesecake but also the frozen hot chocolate.
• I see you’re in the mood not for dessert but appetizers. I’ll help you with those too.
Determiner = introduces a noun. Most common ones → the (definite articles), a & an (indefinite
articles), every, this, those, many. Example: A dog, the dog, every dog, this dog, those dogs, many
dogs. Demonstrative determiners (this, that, these, those) are followed by the noun they modify for
example: This camera (noun) is mine. Demonstrative pronouns as opposed to demonstrative
determiners are the subject of the verb. Example: This is my camera.
Possessive determiners (my, your, its, our, their) are followed by a noun. Example: This is my house,
these are our books. Possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs) are mostly at the end
of a sentence and aren’t followed by a noun. Example: The books are ours, is that car yours?
Exclamation = !! = a word/phrase that expresses strong emotion such as a surprise pleasure or anger.
• Sentences Analysis - Syntax
S – Subject = person/animal/thing that performs he action. Noun or pronoun.
V – Verb – predicator – tells us what the subject does or is.
OD – Direct object = subject + verb + what or who? Example: Ziggy & Marley played soccer with a
coconut. Ziggy & Marley (subject) + player (verb), + what did they play? = soccer OD. Another
example: Kymani called Stephan during the concert → Kymani (subject), called (verb), who did
Kymani call during the concert? → Stephan Direct object.
OI – Indirect object = for who or to who(m). Example: Jimmy builds his grandfather a sandcastle.
Jimmy (subject) + builds (verb) + what did Jimmy build? A sandcastle Direct object + for who did
Jimmy build a sandcastle → His grandfather Indirect object.
CS – Subject compliment = an adjective, noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb. Example:
Brandon’s face will turn red (red = subject compliment, because red tells you something about
Brandon’s face. It tells you something about the subject. Usually with – is, was, were.
CO – Object compliment = an adjective, noun or pronoun which follows a direct object. Example: All
he wanted was to make her happy → happy is the object compliment because it tells you something
about the direct object: her. Another example: I found the guard sleeping → Sleeping is the object
compliment because it tells you something about the direct object: the guard.
A – Adjunct – adverbial = a word, phrase or clause which modifies a verb. When something happens
(example: The rain lasted all night long), where → I put my bag on the floor, I saw him there, we met
him in London. How (manner) → These shirts come in four sizes.
C – Conjunction – linking word (already explained) → example: but, and, if.
, • Word class, part of speech.
Noun = identifies a person, thing, idea, quality or state such as anger, courage, life, luckiness etc.
Articles: The – A – An are most commonly used in front of the noun. Example: the dog, a dog, an
apple, an office. There are uncountable nouns & countable nouns
Uncountable nouns: Used with singular verbs, we cannot use a/an & don’t add -s. Example words:
tea, sugar, water, air, rice, music, knowledge, beauty, anger, fear, love, money, spaghetti, research,
safety, evidence, bred, news, traffic, trouble, snow, work.
Countable nouns: have singular & plural forms +s. Example: one girl, two girls. One table, four tables.
Verb = describes actions, events, situations & changes. Example: the dog sleeps, Maria is watching
television.
Adjective = describes a noun, giving extra information about the noun. Example: An exciting
adventure, a green apple, a tidy room.
Adverb = gives information about a verb, adjective or another adverb which can make the meaning
stronger or weaker. Most adverbs end in -ly. The adverb often appears between the subject and its
verb. Example: She nearly lost everything, I really don’t care, I so want to go to the concert. Some
adverbs tell the location of an action, or where it occurred, example: He lived in the north of France,
,other adverbs like this would be: here, there, everywhere, somewhere, underground, outside,
upstairs, downstairs etc. Examples of adverbs that tell when an action occurred, or its time, include:
First, last, tomorrow, yesterday, today, early, later, often, never, monthly, usually, always etc.
Pronoun = used instead of a noun that’s already known/mentioned. Cindy(noun) left early because
she was tired. She is the pronoun. Personal pronouns: I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they,
them. Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs.
Preposition = used in front of nouns or pronouns. Examples: on, in, under, behind, over, near, before.
He sat on the chair, he drove over the bridge, they were sitting by the tree, the sun is above the
clouds.
Conjunction = holds words, phrases and clauses together. There are 3 different kinds of conjunctions
– coordinating, subordinating, and correlative conjunctions.
1. Coordination conjunction
They can join together words, phrases and independent clauses. There are 7 of them, and they’re
easy to remember if you can just remember FAN BOYS:
• For - Explains reason or purpose (just like “because”) I go to the park every Sunday, for I love to
watch the ducks on the lake.
• And - Adds one thing to another I go to the park every Sunday to watch the ducks on the
lake and the shirtless men playing soccer.
• Nor - Used to present an alternative negative idea to an already stated negative idea I don’t go
for the fresh air nor really for the ducks. Honestly, I just like the soccer.
• But - Shows contrast The soccer in the park is entertaining in the winter, but it’s better in the
heat of summer.
• Or - Presents an alternative or a choice The men play on teams: shirts or skins.
• Yet - Introduces a contrasting idea that follows the preceding idea logically (similar to “but”) I
always take a book to read, yet I never seem to turn a single page.
• So - Indicates effect, result or consequence I’ve started dating one of the soccer players, so now
I have an excuse to watch the game each week.
2. Subordinating conjunction
A subordinating conjunction always introduces a dependent clause, tying it to an independent clause.
In contrast to coordinating conjunctions, a subordinate conjunction can often come first in a
sentence. This is due simply to the nature of the relationship between the dependent and the
independent clause. In English, there are lots of subordinating conjunctions, but the most common
ones are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that,"
"though," "until," "when," "where," "whether," and "while." Here are a few examples of how
subordinating conjunctions are used:
• “Because of you, I never stray too far from the sidewalk”.
• “If you leave me now, you’ll take away the biggest part of me”.
• “When I see you smile, I can face the world”.
• “You don’t know what you’ve got ‘til it’s gone”.
• “I guess I’ll never be the same since I fell for you”.
• “As I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I take a look at my life and realize there’s
nothing left”.
, 3. Correlative conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions come in pairs, and you have to use both of them in different places in a
sentence to make them work. They include pairs like “both/and,” “whether/or,” “either/or,”
“neither/nor,” “not/but” and “not only/but also.”
• I either want the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate.
• I’ll have both the cheesecake and the frozen hot chocolate.
• I didn’t know whether you’d want the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate, so I got you both.
• Oh, you want neither the cheesecake nor the frozen hot chocolate? No problem.
• I’ll eat them both - not only the cheesecake but also the frozen hot chocolate.
• I see you’re in the mood not for dessert but appetizers. I’ll help you with those too.
Determiner = introduces a noun. Most common ones → the (definite articles), a & an (indefinite
articles), every, this, those, many. Example: A dog, the dog, every dog, this dog, those dogs, many
dogs. Demonstrative determiners (this, that, these, those) are followed by the noun they modify for
example: This camera (noun) is mine. Demonstrative pronouns as opposed to demonstrative
determiners are the subject of the verb. Example: This is my camera.
Possessive determiners (my, your, its, our, their) are followed by a noun. Example: This is my house,
these are our books. Possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs) are mostly at the end
of a sentence and aren’t followed by a noun. Example: The books are ours, is that car yours?
Exclamation = !! = a word/phrase that expresses strong emotion such as a surprise pleasure or anger.
• Sentences Analysis - Syntax
S – Subject = person/animal/thing that performs he action. Noun or pronoun.
V – Verb – predicator – tells us what the subject does or is.
OD – Direct object = subject + verb + what or who? Example: Ziggy & Marley played soccer with a
coconut. Ziggy & Marley (subject) + player (verb), + what did they play? = soccer OD. Another
example: Kymani called Stephan during the concert → Kymani (subject), called (verb), who did
Kymani call during the concert? → Stephan Direct object.
OI – Indirect object = for who or to who(m). Example: Jimmy builds his grandfather a sandcastle.
Jimmy (subject) + builds (verb) + what did Jimmy build? A sandcastle Direct object + for who did
Jimmy build a sandcastle → His grandfather Indirect object.
CS – Subject compliment = an adjective, noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb. Example:
Brandon’s face will turn red (red = subject compliment, because red tells you something about
Brandon’s face. It tells you something about the subject. Usually with – is, was, were.
CO – Object compliment = an adjective, noun or pronoun which follows a direct object. Example: All
he wanted was to make her happy → happy is the object compliment because it tells you something
about the direct object: her. Another example: I found the guard sleeping → Sleeping is the object
compliment because it tells you something about the direct object: the guard.
A – Adjunct – adverbial = a word, phrase or clause which modifies a verb. When something happens
(example: The rain lasted all night long), where → I put my bag on the floor, I saw him there, we met
him in London. How (manner) → These shirts come in four sizes.
C – Conjunction – linking word (already explained) → example: but, and, if.
