AICE A level exam review Questions and Answers with complete

DSM-5 - Answer-the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. delusions of grandeur - Answer-A false belief that one is a famous person or a powerful or important person who has some great knowledge, ability, or authority. positive symptoms of schizophrenia - Answer-refers to the presence/addition of behaviors that SHOULD NOT be present....ex: hallucinations, insertion of thoughts, etc. negative symptoms of schizophrenia - Answer-the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies, flattening of mood, social withdrawal, etc.) disorganized speech - Answer-in schizophrenia, a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic. Examples are "word salad", poverty of content, and clanging catatonic schizophrenia - Answer-A type of schizophrenia marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity. approximately 50 percent - Answer-likelihood of being schizophrenic if your identical twin is also schizophrenic dopamine hypothesis - Answer-argues that delusions, halucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from either too much dopamine or from oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain reduced theory of mind - Answer-one cognitive explanation of schizophrenia, as people may have trouble interpreting the actions/thoughts of others first generation antipsychotics - Answer-drugs such as thorazine that had very unpleasant side effects.....came out in the 1950's 2nd generation antipsychotics - Answer-antipsychotic meds such as clozapine, with fewer side effectstardive dyskinesia - Answer-involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors token economy - Answer-an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats results of Paul/Lentz (1977) token economy study on schizophrenics - Answer-patients who went through token economy performed better on self care, social care, vocational skills etc. Also were more likely to be released from the institution earlier. Coincided with a reduction in medication as well. behavioral explanation of addiction - Answer-popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive (thinking) and behavior therapy. Has been shown effective in treating schizophrenia nucleus accumbens - Answer-part of the brain referred to as "pleasure center"; part of reward circuit that produces dopamine criteria for diagnosing pyromania - Answer--deliberate firesetting on more than one occasion -tension and affective/emotional arousal before setting fire -fascination/attraction to fire -pleasure/relief when watching fire and aftermath -not done for monetary gain, conceal evidence, etc. -not explained by psychopathy or other disorder salience - Answer-when addiction becomes the single most important activity. It dominates person's thoughts and behaviors (one of six components of addiction) Tolerance - Answer-when person needs to do more of addictive behavior to get same effect (one of six components of addiction) withdrawal - Answer-the physical discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive behavior(one of six components of addiction)feeling state theory - Answer-cognitive explanation of addiction. This emphasizes how our physiological arousal. feelings, memories etc. combine to give us a cognitive feeling/belief about ourselves. Ex: Gambling addiction: I'm a winner! Kleptomania: I'm clever and outsmarting the system! etc. positive family history of alcoholism - Answer-strongest factor in showing a positive response (at least 35 % reduction in gambling symptoms) in Grants 2008 study on using opiate antagonist drugs to treat gambling Steps of Imaginal desensitization for treating addiction (described by Blaczcynski and Nower 2002) - Answer-1. Imagine the urge (scene in which they start to have urge) 2. Planning to follow thru on urge (visualize trip to engage ex: driving to casino) 3. Arriving at venue: imagine what it feels like to arrive at casino, store, etc. 4. Generating arousal: imagine getting ready to fully engage in addictive behavior (slots, etc.) 5. Having "second thoughts" about behavior: Imagine people looking negatively at you and what it feels like to lose or get caught 6. Decreasing attractiveness of behavior: must imagine all negative outcomes that could result from behavior (credit card debt, arguing, jail etc.) THEN visualize walking away from the venue not having engaged in behavior ***!!! After every step, clients are given brief instructions about relaxation Glover 1985 case study on kleptomania - Answer-used Covert (imaginary) sensitization to treat a client with kleptomania. Client had to imagine herself about to steal then imagine herself feeling nauseous and vomiting while other shoppers watched. The nausea would go away when she put object back on shelves.