PNB 2XC3 Final Exam 2024 Real Update Solved 100%

PNB 2XC3 Final Exam 2024 Real Update Solved 100% whats the purpose? what assumptions are made?, what data supports this?, what concepts and theories are used?, what conclusions can be drawn?, what are the implications and consequences? Answer- Elements of analytical thinking one should use for informed decisions Clarity Accuracy Precision Relevance Depth Breadth Logic Significance Fairness Answer- Intellectual Standards can i understand it? Answer- clarity is it error free? Answer- accuracy can it be more detailed? Answer- precision is it related to the issue? Answer- relevance is it complex? Answer- depth does it offer multiple points of view? Answer- breadth does it follow from the evidence? Answer- logic is it important? Answer- significance is there a conflict of interest or biases? Answer- fairness data collector is blind to the subjects assignments to treatments - when studying animals Answer- blind experiment relevant for human subjects only - both data collector and subjects are blind to the treatment Answer- double blind to remove experimenter and subject bias Answer- why should experiments be either blind or double blind expectation and anticipation of clinical improvement Answer- placebo effect spontaneous improvement Answer- main cause of observed improvement in sham treatments how the behavior came to be - within the life time of the organism - immediate causation Answer- proximate questions why a particular behavior occurs - over evolutionary time Answer- ultimate questions carotenoid pigments ingested in food provides red colouration Answer- plumage colour in house finches: proximate explanation positive correlation between male mating success and red-colour intensity - males who can seek Colour instead of energy are better quality - better able to fight off pathogens - good foraging ability Answer- plumage colour in house finches: ultimate explanation self generated movement of either a body part or the whole in animals Answer- animal behaviour fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating Answer- 4 F's growth, survival, reproduction Answer- the major components of an animal life history Evolution and Learning Answer- Two mechanisms that can change behaviour over time a change over generations in the proportion of individual organisms differing genetically in one or more traits Answer- Evolution maturity, acclimation Answer- methods other than evolution and learning which change biological traits -heritable variation in beak size -higher survival rates of individuals with large beaks during a drought - reproductive fitness incurred Answer- Evolution in Galapagos Finches the ability to acquire a neuronal representation of new information which can be used to determine subsequent behavior Answer- learning grasshoppers learn to eat a balanced diet with optimal nutrients like carbs and proteins learning treatment: allowed to learn naturally to prefer balanced over deficient diet random treatment: faced a changing environment which made learning impossible Answer- learning in grasshoppers experiment setup: colour food and odor, changed for random group but stayed consistent for learning group Answer- learning in grasshoppers: 3 cues increase in proportion of visits to healthy food in learning treatment learning treatment had higher proportion of time spend eating healthy food - learning grasshoppers had higher growth rate which implies better reproductive success Answer- learning in grasshoppers results: learning which food is safe to eat by observing others. - rats familiar with each other were divided into observer and demonstrator groups - demonstrators were taken to another room where subjects fed on rat food flavored with cocoa or cinnamon - observers interacted with demonstrators (they sniff each other) - observers where then allowed to choose from either cinnamon or cocoa food Answer- social learning in rats experimental setup: observers ended up eating whatever they smelled on the demonstrators despite not seeing the demonstrators actually eating Answer- social learning in rats results: - individual learning dies once the individual dies - socially learned information stays in the populations even after the individual dies - social learning is also quickly transmitted Answer- benefit of social learning and problem with individual learning change in genetics due to selective breeding by humans Answer- artificial selection when the trait being selected for has heritable variation Answer- when can artificial selection succeed AS- determined by humans NS-determined by nature Answer- artificial selection vs. natural selection select most aggressive flies from the parent generation and breed them - after 10 and 20 generations the aggression levels are very high in comparison to the control Answer- artificial selection for aggression in fruit flies the success of an individual in reproducing Answer- fitness: heritable individual variation that corresponds to variation in fitness Answer- necessary conditions for evolution by natural selection reproductive rate x reproductive lifespan (i.e. 1 egg per day and lives for 10 days) Answer- quantifying fitness small in females and large in males Answer- male vs. female lifetime reproductive success even a small difference in fitness (1%) is enough Answer- how big does the fitness consequence have to be for it to have a strong effect on evolution low predation site guppies: females produce fewer, but bigger eggs high predation site guppies: females produce many small offspring small predators prey on small fish large predators prey on adults Answer- anti predator behavior in guppies transfer guppies from low predation sites and high predation sites to artificial pond - after half a year introduced a small amount of large predators - recorded the number an brightness of the spots on males after 4 and 10 generations Answer- antipredator behavior in guppies experimental setup: -without predators, there was no change in spot size number of spots in high predation fish decreased, number of spots in no predator and low predator sites did not change - females prefer more spots --> selection for spots - predators predate on spotted fish more --> selection against spots Answer- antipredator behaviour in guppies results: male age at maturity increased in low predation sites - reproduce before you get eaten Answer- predation sites and male age at maturity low age at first birth and smaller size at maturity for guppies in high predation sites Answer- predation sites and female age and size at maturity: larger group size in guppies in high predation sites as well as more effective predator inspection Answer- guppy group size and predation risk high predation guppies have smaller shoaling distance and but over all both low predaiton and high predation guppies decrease the shoaling distance by the same magnitude in response to alarm signals Answer- average guppy distance between individuals and predation risk take lab born fish which evolved from high predaiton and low predation pools and place them in a high predation environment Answer- guppy survival under high predation experimental procedure: higher number of survivors under high predation guppies Answer- guppy survival under high predation results: does not allow us to infer cause and affect Answer- problem with observational data a long strand of DNA consisting of different genes Answer- chromosome the functional unit of heredity Answer- Gene messenger RNA Answer- mRNA a site on the chromosome occupied by a certain gene Answer- Locus one of several forms of the same gene Answer- Allele alteration of a DNA sequence Answer- Mutation allows researchers to find the general region of the genome in which quantitative trait loci reside by using marker loci that are easily assayed, but unrelated to the trait in questions, in order to identify the approximate locations of the unknown alleles that do affect the trait of interest. Answer- Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) is the inheritance of a genetic marker is associated with the inheritance of a particular trait , the marker must be linked to the trait Answer- Mapping QTLs QTLs corresponding to anxiety were identified on most of the mouse chromosomes - found on 19 autosomal chromosomes and X chromosom Answer- QTLs for emotionality in mice mice you were more anxious were found to survive longer than those with lower levels of anxiety - more wary of danger Answer- adaptive significance of anxiety : mice example A method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide. These fragments, ideally representing all the genes of an organism, are tested for hybridization with various samples of cDNA molecules. Answer- DNA microarrays -collect mRNA from two samples - transcribe the mRNA to the more stable complementary DNA (cDNA) - mark each sample with a distinct fluorescent label - apply to array - binding indicates that a gene was active Answer- Process of DNA Microarray gene that increased activity in treated cells Answer- orange in DNA microarray gene that decreased in activity in treated cells Answer- green in DNA microarray gene that was equally active in treated and untreated cells Answer- yellow in DNA microarray gene was inactive in both groups Answer- black in DNA microarray - bees become nurses in their early life and become foragers later in life - add either old or young bees to a colony Answer- genetics of behavioural development in bees experiment: the number of resident younger bees that became foragers decreased when older bees were added (older bees foraged instead) and the number of resident young bees that became foragers increased when younger bees were added - colony needs also effect the transition from nurse to forager Answer- genetics of behavioural development in bees results: out of the 5500 genes that were analyzed 2000 genes showed different levels of expression in nurse bees and forager bees Answer- genetic activity in bees brains found in large amounts in forager bees Answer- the for gene larvae became rovers -longer track length Answer- For r gene containing larvae larvae became sitters -shorter track length Answer- for s containing larvae variance, standard deviation, standard error Answer- measures of variance 68 percent within plus or minus one standard deviation 96 percent within plus or minus 2 standard deviations Answer- normal distribution more variation in the group of individuals - normal distribution is more broad Answer- Higher variance means diversity of alleles and genotypes in a population Answer- genetic variance Average amount of variance among individuals within the same genotype Answer- environmental variance genetic + environmental variance Vp=Vg+Ve Answer- phenotypic variance Vg/Vp Answer- Heritability (in the broad sense, H^2) Va/Vp - proportion of phenotypic variance caused by additive genetic variance - slope of regression line Answer- Heritability in the narrow sense component of the genetic variance that can be attributed to the additive effect of different genotypes - responsible for the degree of similarity between parent and offspring Answer- additive genetic variance a change in the mean character state of one generation as a result of selection in the previous generation. the actual amount of natural selection took place Answer- response to selection the difference between the mean of the group selected for reproduction and the mean of the entire population. the maximal amount we can expect natural selection to take place Answer- selection differential points follow linear slop - behavioral variation observed in offspring should map onto behavioral variation observed in parents Answer- response to selection when heritability is high points do not follow slope as closely - r is low -phenotype determines more by environmental factors than genetic Answer- response to selection when heritability is low Vg>0 when the genotypic variance is greater than 0 Answer- when is a trait heritable The sum of an individual's own reproductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of related others. Answer- inclusive fitness the fitness that an individual gains by passing on copies of its genes to its offspring Answer- direct fitness The reproductive output brought about by altruistic behaviors toward close kin Answer- indirect fitness - depends on - how many offspring are in danger - the age of the mother (can she still reproduce - how dependent the children are on the mother (no point in mom dying if kids cant take care of themselves) Answer- should a mother die for her offspring ......................................................................