Test Bank Microbiology An Introduction, 13th Edition Tortora

Test Bank Microbiology An Introduction, 13th Edition TortoraTable of Contents Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Chemical Principles ..................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 3 Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope ....................................................................................................... 33 Chapter 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic ........................................................................................................ 48 Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism ................................................................................................................................................................ 65 Chapter 6 Microbial Growth ......................................................................................................................................................................... 83 Chapter 7 The Control of Microbial Growth ......................................................................................................................................... 100 Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics ..................................................................................................................................................................... 120 Chapter 9 Biotechnology and DNA Technology ................................................................................................................................. 138 Chapter 10 Classification of Microorganisms....................................................................................................................................... 157 Chapter 11 The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea........................................................................................................ 175 Chapter 12 The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths .......................................................................................... 189 Chapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions .................................................................................................................................................. 204 Chapter 14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology ......................................................................................................................... 220 Chapter 15 Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity ........................................................................................................................ 237 Chapter 16 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host ................................................................................................. 252 Chapter 17 Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host .................................................................................................... 266 Chapter 18 Practical Applications of Immunology............................................................................................................................. 281 Chapter 19 Disorders Associated with the Immune System .......................................................................................................... 298 Chapter 20 Antimicrobial Drugs ................................................................................................................................................................ 314 Chapter 21 Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes ......................................................................................................................... 332 Chapter 22 Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System ................................................................................................................... 347 Chapter 23 Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems ...................................................................... 363 Chapter 24 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System ............................................................................................................. 378 Chapter 25 Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System .................................................................................................................. 394 Chapter 26 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems ............................................................................... 410 Chapter 27 Environmental Microbiology ............................................................................................................................................... 424 Chapter 28 Applied and Industrial Microbiology ............................................................................................................................... 441 Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You 1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Microorganisms are involved in each of the following processes EXCEPT A) infection. Page | 1B) decomposition of organic material. C) O2 production. D) food production. E) smog production. Answer: E Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 1.1 Global Outcome: 5 2) Each of the following organisms would be considered a microbe EXCEPT A) yeast. B) protozoan. C) bacterium. D) mushroom. E) virus. Answer: D Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 1.4 3) The term used to describe a disease-causing microorganism is A) microbe. B) bacterium. C) virus. D) pathogen. E) infection. Answer: D Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 1.1 4) Common commercial benefits of microorganisms include synthesis of A) riboflavin. B) acetone. C) insulin. D) aspirin. E) riboflavin, acetone and insulin. Answer: E Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 1.1 5) What factors contribute to the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance? A) overuse of the specific drugs B) misuse of the specific drugs C) random mutations in bacterial genomes Page | 2D) random mutations, overuse and misuse of specific drugs E) overuse and misuse of specific drugs Answer: D Section: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 4.1 Learning Outcome: 1.19 Global Outcome: 5 6) The formal system for classifying and naming organisms was developed by A) Robert Koch. B) Ignaz Semmelweis. C) Aristotle. D) Carolus Linnaeus. E) Louis Pasteur. Answer: D Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 1.3 7) In the name Staphylococcus aureus, aureus is the A) genus. B) domain name. C) species. D) kingdom. E) family name. Answer: C Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.3 8) A prokaryotic cell may possess each of the following cellular components EXCEPT A) flagella. B) a nucleus. C) ribosomes. D) a cell wall. E) a cell membrane. Answer: B Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 1.4 9) Which of the following is NOT associated with viruses? A) organelles B) nucleic acid C) envelope D) chemical reactions E) protein coat Answer: A Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Page | 3ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 1.4 10) Figure 1.1 The bacterial shape of the cells in the scanning electron micrograph shown in Figure 1.1 would best be described as A) bacillus. B) spiral. C) coccus. D) ovoid. E) columnar. Answer: A Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 1.4 11) Protozoan motility structures include A) cilia. B) flagella. C) pseudopods. D) cilia and pseudopods only. E) cilia, flagella, and pseudopods. Answer: E Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 1.4 12) Viruses are not considered living organisms because they A) cannot reproduce by themselves. B) are structurally very simple. C) can only be visualized using an electron microscope. D) are typically associated with disease. E) are ubiquitous in nature. Answer: A Section: 1.2 Page | 4Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 4.4 Learning Outcome: 1.4 13) Microbes that live stably in and on the human body are called the A) transient microbiota. B) human microbiome. C) pathogenic microorganisms. D) virulent microorganisms. E) opportunistic microbiota. Answer: B Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 5.4 Learning Outcome: 1.2 14) Which of the following is NOT a domain in the three-domain system? A) animalia B) archaea C) bacteria D) eukarya Answer: A Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 15) A system of classification grouping organisms into 3 domains based on the cellular organization of organisms was devised by A) Carolus Linnaeus. B) Anton van Leewenhoek. C) Carl Woese. D) Louis Pasteur. E) Robert Koch. Answer: C Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 1.5 Learning Outcome: 1.5 16) Archaea differ from bacteria in that archaea A) have cell walls composed of substances other than peptidoglycan. B) lack nuclei. C) use organic compounds for food. D) reproduce by binary fission. E) are prokaryotic. Answer: A Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 2.3 Page | 5Learning Outcome: 1.4 17) Who is credited with first observing cells? A) Robert Hooke B) Anton van Leeuwenhoek C) Robert Koch D) Louis Pasteur E) Carolus Linnaeus Answer: A Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 1.6 18) Who is credited with first observing microorganisms? A) Robert Hooke B) Anton van Leeuwenhoek C) Robert Koch D) Louis Pasteur E) Carolus Linnaeus Answer: B Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 1.6 19) Biogenesis refers to the A) spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter. B) development of life forms from preexisting life forms. C) development of aseptic technique. D) germ theory of disease. Answer: B Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 1.7 20) If you were setting up an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation in a liquid medium, which of the following would be essential to the experiment? A) supplying the liquid with nutrients B) starting with a liquid that contains microorganisms C) adding antibiotics to the liquid D) using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms E) adding carbon dioxide to the liquid Answer: D Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.7 Page | 621) The arguments supporting spontaneous generation were finally disproved by A) Louis Pasteur. B) Francesco Redi. C) Rudolf Virchow. D) John Needham. E) Lazzaro Spallanzani. Answer: A Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 1.8 22) Regarding Louis Pasteur's experiments with the S-neck flask, which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Air exchange was involved. B) A food source was provided. C) The possibility of contamination was removed. D) All preexisting microorganisms were killed. E) Air exchange occurred, a food source was provided, preexisting microorganisms were killed and contamination was prevented Answer: E Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.8 23) The microbial process of converting sugars to alcohol is known as A) fermentation. B) pasteurization. C) tyndallization. D) lyophilization. E) alcoholism. Answer: A Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 3.1 Learning Outcome: 1.8 24) Proof that a microbe could cause disease was provided by A) Pasteur. B) Lister. C) Koch. D) Wasserman. E) Semmelweis . Answer: C Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 5.4 Learning Outcome: 1.10 25) The use of phenol (carbolic acid) as a wound disinfectant was first practiced by A) Lister. B) Semmelweis. C) Pasteur. Page | 7D) Holmes. E) Koch. Answer: A Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 3.4 Learning Outcome: 1.9 26) Mycology is the study of A) mycoplasma. B) mushrooms. C) protozoa. D) molds. E) molds, yeast, and mushrooms. Answer: E Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 1.1 27) The first step for directly linking a microbe to a specific disease according to Koch's postulates is to A) culture the blood or other body fluid from a diseased animal using nutrient medium. B) inject a sample of blood or other body fluid from a diseased animal into a healthy animal. C) obtain a sample of blood or other body fluid from a diseased animal. D) compare the blood of a sick animal to blood obtained from a healthy animal. E) isolate microbes from the blood of healthy animals. Answer: C Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying ASMcue Outcome: 5.4 Learning Outcome: 1.10 28) In which of the following situations would Koch's postulates be utilized? A) determination of the cause of a new emerging disease by scientists studying disease transmission B) development of a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab C) determination of the cause of cancer in a patient D) formulation of a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab E) whenever the scientific method is used to investigate a microbiological problem Answer: A Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying ASMcue Outcome: 5.4 Learning Outcome: 1.10 Global Outcome: 5 29) Robert Koch identified the cause of A) smallpox. B) anthrax. C) diphtheria. Page | 8D) AIDS. E) rabies. Answer: B Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 5.4 Learning Outcome: 1.10 Global Outcome: 5 30) Which physician is first associated with vaccination? A) Ehrlich B) Jenner C) Lister D) Koch E) Escheric h Answer: B Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 1.11 Global Outcome: 5 31) Which of the following findings was essential for Edward Jenner's vaccination process? A) Exposure to a milder disease form may produce immunity. B) A weakened microorganism will not cause disease. C) Someone who recovers from a disease will not acquire that disease again. D) Disease is caused by viruses. E) Pathogenic microorganisms infect all humans and animals in the same manner. Answer: A Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 1.11 Global Outcome: 5 32) Penicillin was discovered by accident by A) Alexander Fleming. B) Paul Ehrlich. C) Edward Jenner. D) Robert Koch. E) Joseph Lister. Answer: A Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 3.4 Learning Outcome: 1.12 Global Outcome: 5 33) Who was the first scientist to pursue a "magic bullet" that could be used to treat infectious disease? A) Jenner Page | 9B) Pasteur C) Ehrlich D) Lister E) Semmelwei s Answer: C Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 3.4 Learning Outcome: 1.12 Global Outcome: 5 34) Fungal infections are studied by A) virologists. B) bacteriologists. C) parasitologists. D) mycologists. E) herpetologists . Answer: D Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 5.4 Learning Outcome: 1.13 35) When our bodies overcome the offensive tactics of a particular microorganism, this is referred to as A) therapy. B) colonization. C) disease. D) resistance. E) deficiency. Answer: D Section: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 5.4 Learning Outcome: 1.17 36) Recombinant DNA refers to the A) study of bacterial ribosomes. B) study of the function of genes. C) interaction between human and bacterial cells. D) synthesis of proteins from genes. E) DNA resulting when genes from one organism are inserted into another organism. Answer: E Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 4.5 Page | 10Learning Outcome: 1.14 37) Molecular biology includes the study of A) DNA synthesis. B) RNA replication. C) protein synthesis. D) enzyme function. E) how genetic information directs protein synthesis. Answer: E Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 4.2 Learning Outcome: 1.14 38) Microorganisms are essential to our life. Each of the following is an example of a beneficial function of microorganisms EXCEPT A) alternative fuel production. B) bioremediation. C) gene therapy. D) agriculture. E) increased number of illnesses. Answer: E Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 1.15 Global Outcome: 5 39) The major food producers for other living organisms is/are A) higher plants. B) cyanobacteria. C) algae. D) higher plants and algae. E) higher plants, cyanobacteria, and algae. Answer: E Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 6.1 Learning Outcome: 1.15 40) Gene therapy is currently used to treat all of the following diseases EXCEPT A) severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). B) Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. C) cystic fibrosis. D) LDL-receptor deficiency. E) colon cancer. Answer: E Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 1.16 Global Outcome: 5 Page | 1141) Recombinant DNA technology has become an increasingly important part of our life. It is used for all of the following EXCEPT A) vaccine production. B) enhancing food longevity. C) synthesis of water. D) drug production. E) increasing the nutritional value of food. Answer: C Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 1.16 Global Outcome: 5 42) Normal microbiota A) indefinitely colonize the body. B) take up residence in sites such as the colon and mouth. C) almost always cause disease in the host. D) are normally found in blood. E) both indefinitely colonize the body and take up residence in sites such as the colon and mouth. Answer: E Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 5.4 Learning Outcome: 1.2 43) Which of the following statements about biofilms is FALSE? A) Compared to free-living bacteria, biofilms are more sensitive to antibiotics. B) Biofilms in pipes can block the flow of water. C) Biofilms in your body protect mucous membranes from harmful microbes. D) Biofilms on medical devices cause infections. E) Biofilms on rocks provide food for animal life. Answer: A Section: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 6.1 Learning Outcome: 1.18 44) Development of emerging infectious disease can be a result of all of the following EXCEPT A) microbial mutation. B) modern transportation. C) use of genetically modified foods. D) changes in the environment. E) overuse of antibiotics. Answer: C Section: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 1.3 Page | 12Learning Outcome: 1.19 45) Who challenged the idea of spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis? A) Louis Pasteur B) Rudolf Virchow C) Anton van Leewenhoek D) John Needham E) Francesco Redi Answer: B Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 1.8 46) All of the following are true concerning emerging infectious diseases EXCEPT A) they always involve sporadic cases in endemic areas. B) they include newly described infectious agents. C) known pathogens develop evolutionary changes. D) known diseases spread to new regions or populations. E) they result from human exposure to a pathogen due to ecological changes. Answer: A Section: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.19 47) Microorganisms are beneficial to humans in all of the following ways EXCEPT A) marine and freshwater organisms form the basis of the food web. B) soil microorganisms break down matter. C) some microorganisms live symbiotically with plants and transform nitrogen gas into organic compounds. D) Pseudomonas, molds and other microorganisms break down lettuce and strawberries at refrigeration temperatures. E) Fermenting microorganisms produce yogurt and sauerkraut from milk and cabbage. Answer: D Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 1.1 48) What mistake did John Needham make that caused him to conclude that spontaneous generation for microorganisms occurred? A) He failed to seal his flasks of boiled broth. B) He allowed his assistant to conduct the experiment which he did not monitor closely. C) He did not boil his broth solutions, only warmed them. D) He re-contaminated his boiled broth solutions. E) He destroyed the vital force in the solutions. Answer: D Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Page | 13Learning Outcome: 1.8 49) From the list below, which would NOT be considered an emerging pathogen? A) Zika virus B) Avian influenza C) smallpox virus D) Ebola virus E) Lyme disease Answer: C Section: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.19 50) All of the below are examples of a biofilm EXCEPT A) archaea as part of the plankton community in the open ocean. B) dental plaque. C) vegetations on a patient heart valve. D) slimy layer on riverbed rocks. E) infection of a patient catheter. Answer: A Section: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 5.2 Learning Outcome: 1.18 1.2 True/False Questions 1) Infectious disease is almost totally eradicated in our world. Answer: FALSE Section: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 5.4 Learning Outcome: 1.19 2) A student has obtained a sample of pond water for study. Using the high-power lens, he observes several cells with nuclei. He can conclude that the cells are NOT bacteria. Answer: TRUE Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 14 3) The process of pasteurization to reduce food spoilage utilizes high heat to kill all bacteria present. Answer: FALSE Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 3.4 Learning Outcome: 1.8 Global Outcome: 5 Page | 144) Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first microbiologist to use a microscope to examine environmental samples for the presence of microorganisms. Answer: TRUE Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 1.6 5) Spontaneous generation refers to living cells arising only from other living cells. Answer: FALSE Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 1.7 6) Microbes are associated with life-sustaining benefits as well as life-threatening diseases. Answer: TRUE Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 5.4 Learning Outcome: 1.1 7) All cells possess a cell wall. Answer: FALSE Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 1.4 8) All pathogens known to infect humans have been identified at this point in time. Answer: FALSE Section: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.19 9) The first antibiotic was discovered by Paul Ehrlich. Answer: FALSE Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 1.12 10) Enzymes from Bacillus organisms are used to remove spots on clothing. Answer: TRUE Section: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 6.3 Page | 15Learning Outcome: 1.15 1.3 Essay Questions 1) What is an emerging disease, and what are some of the sources for these "new" infectious diseases? Section: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 1.3 Learning Outcome: 1.19 Global Outcome: 8 2) Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Section: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing ASMcue Outcome: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 1.4 Global Outcome: 8 3) What was the function and importance of S-necked flasks in Louis Pasteur's experiments in disproving spontaneous generation? Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 1.8 Global Outcome: 5 4) Explain the germ theory of disease and discuss why this theory is essential to the treatment of infectious disease. Section: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating ASMcue Outcome: 5.4 Learning Outcome: 1.9 Global Outcome: 5 5) Explain the concept of the formation and maintenance of the human microbiome and discuss the effect of the microbiome on transient microbiota and potential pathogens. Section: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating ASMcue Outcome: 5.4 Learning Outcome: 1.2 Global Outcome: 8 Page | 16Chapter 2 Chemical Principles 2.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following statements about the atom A) It has 6 protons in its nucleus. B) It has 12 neutrons in its nucleus. C) It has 6 electrons orbiting the nucleus. D) Its atomic number is 6. E) Its atomic weight is 12. Answer: B Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.1 Global Outcome: 2 2) Table 2.1 O C H Using the information in Table 2.1, calculate the molecular weight of ethanol, C2H5OH. A) 96 B) 46 C) 34 D) 33 E) The answer cannot be determined. Answer: B Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying Learning Outcome: 2.1 Global Outcome: 2 3) Antacids neutralize acid by the following reaction. Identify the salt in the following equation: Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O A) Mg(OH)2 B) HCl C) MgCl2 D) H2O E) None of the answers is correct. Answer: C Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5 Page | 17 is C FALSE?4) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Salts readily dissolve in water. B) Water molecules are formed by hydrolysis. C) Water freezes from the top down. D) Water is formed as a part of a dehydration synthesis reaction. E) Water is a polar molecule. Answer: B Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.4 5) Which of the following is the type of bond holding K+ and I- ions in KI? A) ionic bond B) covalent bond C) hydrogen bond Answer: A Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.2 6) Which of the following is the type of bond between molecules of water in a beaker of water? A) ionic bond B) covalent bond C) hydrogen bond Answer: C Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2 Global Outcome: 7 7) What is the type of bond holding hydrogen and oxygen atoms together in a single H2O molecule? A) ionic bond B) covalent bond C) hydrogen bond Answer: B Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.2 8) Identify the following reaction: Glucose + Fructose → Sucrose + Water A) dehydration synthesis reaction B) hydrolysis reaction C) exchange reaction D) reversible reaction E) ionic reaction Answer: A Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.7 9) Identify the following reaction: Lactose + H2O → Glucose + Galactose Page | 18A) dehydration synthesis reaction B) hydrolysis reaction C) exchange reaction D) reversible reaction E) ionic reaction Answer: B Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.7 10) Identify the following reaction: HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + H2CO3 A) dehydration synthesis reaction B) hydrolysis reaction C) exchange reaction D) reversible reaction E) ionic reaction Answer: C Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.3 Global Outcome: 2 11) Identify the following reaction: NH4OH ⇌ NH3 + H2O A) dehydration synthesis reaction B) hydrolysis reaction C) exchange reaction D) reversible reaction E) ionic reaction Answer: D Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.3 Global Outcome: 2 12) Which type of molecule contains the alcohol glycerol? A) carbohydrate B) phospholipids C) DNA D) protein Answer: B Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.9 13) Which type of molecule is composed of (CH2O) units? A) carbohydrate B) lipid C) nucleic acid D) protein Answer: A Page | 19Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.8 14) Which type of molecule contains -NH2 (amino) groups? A) carbohydrate B) triglycerides C) nucleic acid D) protein Answer: D Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.10 15) Which type of molecule NEVER contains a phosphate group? A) triglycerides B) phospholipid C) nucleic acid D) ATP Answer: A Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.9 16) Based upon the valence numbers of the elements magnesium (2) and hydrogen (1), predict how many covalent bonds would form between these atoms to achieve the full complement of electrons in their outermost energy shells. A) one B) two C) three D) four Answer: B Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2 Global Outcome: 2 17) Table 2.1 O C H Using the information in Table 2.1, calculate the number of moles in 92 grams of ethanol, C2H5OH. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) The answer cannot be determined. Answer: B Page | 20Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2 Global Outcome: 4 18) Which of the following statements regarding protein structure is FALSE? A) The primary structure is formed by covalent bonding between amino acid subunits. B) Secondary structures are formed only from hydrogen bonds. C) Tertiary structures are formed only from covalent bonds. D) Quaternary structures involved multiple polypeptides. Answer: C Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.10 19) Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) NaOH ⇌ Na+ + OH- is a base B) HF ⇌ H+ + F- is an acid C) MgSO4 ⇌ Mg2+ + is a salt D) KH2PO4 ⇌ K + + H2 is an acid E) H2SO4 ⇌ 2 + + is an H acid Answer: D Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5 Global Outcome: 2 20) Table 2.2 NaOH ⇌ Na+ + OH- is a base HF ⇌ H+ + F- is an acid MgSO4 ⇌ Mg2+ + is a salt KH2PO4 ⇌ K+ + H2 acid H2SO4 ⇌ 2H+ + is an is an acid Page | 21Which of the following statements about the reactions in Table 2.2 is FALSE? A) They are exchange reactions. B) They are ionization reactions. C) They occur when the reactants are dissolved in water. D) They are dissociation reactions. E) They are reversible reactions. Answer: A Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.3 Global Outcome: 2 21) What is the type of weak bond between the hydrogen of one molecule and the nitrogen of another molecule, where the two don't actively share an electron? A) ionic bond B) covalent bond C) hydrogen bond D) disulfide bond E) hydrophobic bond Answer: C Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.2 Global Outcome: 7 22) What is the type of strong chemical bond between carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a single organic molecule? A) ionic bond B) covalent bond C) hydrogen bond Answer: B Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.2 Global Outcome: 7 23) What is the type of bond between ions in salt? A) ionic bond B) covalent bond C) hydrogen bond Answer: A Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.2 Global Outcome: 7 24) A scientist wants to perform a test that will indicate whether a nucleic acid sample is composed of either RNA or DNA. Testing for the presence of which of the following is most appropriate in this situation? A) phosphate B) nitrogen C) guanine D) uracil Page | 22E) thymine Answer: D Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.11 Global Outcome: 2 25) Structurally, ATP is most like which type of molecule? A) carbohydrate B) lipid C) protein D) nucleic acid Answer: D Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.12 26) What do genes consist of? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleic acids Answer: D Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.11 Global Outcome: 7 27) Which molecule is composed of a chain of amino acids? A) carbohydrate B) lipid C) protein D) nucleic acid Answer: C Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.10 28) Which are the primary molecules making up plasma membranes in cells? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleic acids Answer: B Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.9 Global Outcome: 7 29) The antimicrobial drug imidazole inhibits sterol synthesis. This would most likely interfere with A) bacterial cell walls. B) fungal cell walls. Page | 23C) eukaryotic plasma membranes. D) prokaryotic plasma membranes. E) genes. Answer: C Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing ASMcue Outcome: 3.4 Learning Outcome: 2.9 Global Outcome: 2 Figure 2.1 30) In Figure 2.1, which is an alcohol? A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e Answer: C Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.7 Global Outcome: 3 31) Which compound in Figure 2.1 is an ester? A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e Answer: D Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.7 Global Outcome: 3 Page | 2432) Which compound in Figure 2.1 is an organic acid? A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e Answer: A Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.6 Global Outcome: 3 33) Most amino acids found in cells demonstrate what type of chirality? A) L-isomers B) D-isomers C) C-isomers D) B-isomers E) A-isomers Answer: A Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.10 34) Figure 2.3 What kind of bond is at the arrow in Figure 2.3? A) disulfide bridge B) double covalent bond C) hydrogen bond D) ionic bond E) peptide bond Answer: E Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.10 Global Outcome: 3 35) An E. coli culture that has been growing at 37°C is moved to 25°C. Which of the following changes must be made in its plasma membrane to help it cope with the decrease in temperature? Page | 25A) The number of phosphate groups must increase. B) The viscosity must increase. C) The number of saturated chains must increase. D) The number of unsaturated chains must increase. E) No changes are necessary. Answer: D Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.9 36) Radioisotopes are frequently used to label molecules in a cell. The fate of atoms and molecules in a cell can then be followed. Assume Saccharomyces cerevisiae is grown in a nutrient medium containing the radioisotope 35S. After a 48-hour incubation, the 35S would most likely be found in the S. cerevisiae's A) carbohydrates. B) nucleic acids. C) water. D) lipids. E) proteins. Answer: E Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.10 Global Outcome: 2 37) Radioisotopes are frequently used to label molecules in a cell. The fate of atoms and molecules in a cell can then be followed. Assume Saccharomyces cerevisiae is grown in a nutrient medium containing the radioisotope 32P. After a 48-hour incubation, the majority of the 32P would be found in the S. cerevisiae's A) plasma membrane. B) cell wall. C) water. D) proteins. E) carbohydrates . Answer: A Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.9 Global Outcome: 2 38) Starch, dextran, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers of A) amino acids. B) glucose. C) fatty acids. D) nucleic acids. E) acids. Answer: B Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Page | 26Learning Outcome: 2.8 39) Which of the following is a base? A) C2H5OCOOH → H + + C2H5 C2H5OH C) NaOH → Na OCOO - B) + D) H2O → H + OH + - + OH - E) H2CO Answer: C Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing Learning Outcome: 25 Global Outcome: 2 40) Two glucose molecules are combined by a dehydration synthesis reaction to make a maltose molecule. What is the chemical formula for maltose? A) C3H6O3 B) C6H12O6 C) C12H24O12 D) C12H22O11 E) C12H23O10 Answer: D Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.8 Global Outcome: 3 41) If an amino acid contained a large hydrocarbon (a group of multiple carbons and hydrogens linked together) as its side group, in which of the following categories could it be appropriately designated? A) hydrophilic B) polar C) nonpolar D) basic E) acidic Answer: C Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.10 Global Outcome: 2 42) Identify the two functional groups that interact to form a peptide bond. A) amino group and carboxyl group Page | 27B) carboxyl group and ester group C) amino group and ester group D) ester group and hydroxyl group E) hydroxyl group and amino group Answer: A Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying Learning Outcome: 2.10 43) A dehydration synthesis reaction between glucose (C6H12O6) and fructose (C6H12O6) produces a molecule of sucrose (C12H22O11). Why don't the two individual molecular formulae add up to the same number of atoms in the sucrose product? A) Oxygen must be burned/consumed during the reaction. B) In a dehydration reaction, a water molecule (H2O) is removed from the final molecule formed. C) In a dehydration reaction, a water molecule (H2O) is added to the final molecule formed. D) Hydrogen must be burned/consumed during the reaction. Answer: B Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying Learning Outcome: 2.7 44) In terms of similarities, which two molecules would be isomers of each other? A) glucose and sucrose B) glucose and maltose C) sucrose and fructose D) fructose and glucose Answer: D Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying Learning Outcome: 2.8 45) Subtle differences exist in the plasma membrane molecules of the organisms in the three Domains. functional groups are found in the plasma membrane molecules of bacteria and eukarya, while functional groups are found in the plasma membrane molecules of archaea. A) amino; carboxyl B) ether; ester C) ester; ether D) ketone; aldehyde E) aldehyde; ketone Answer: C Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying Learning Outcome: 2.9 46) What is the main/most important factor that differentiates methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol from each other? A) the specific location of the hydroxyl functional group B) the number of carbon atoms in the molecule C) the number of hydrogen atoms in each molecule D) the location of the carboxyl functional group Page | 28E) the number of hydroxyl functional groups present Answer: B Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying Learning Outcome: 2.7 47) A friend tells you that he recently read an article claiming that you need to work to restore the alkalinity of your blood to remain healthy. Why is this impossible and impractical (and unhealthy even if you could make it happen)? A) The normal pH of human blood is in the acidic range, so making it alkaline would kill you. B) Blood is usually around the neutral (pH 7) range, not the alkaline range, in healthy human beings. C) Blood contains buffers that prevent the pH from changing too drastically, so trying to forcibly alter blood pH wouldn't work effectively. D) The normal pH of human blood is already in the alkaline range, so it isn't necessary to "restore" it to that point. E) Blood is usually around the neutral (pH 7) range, not the alkaline range, in healthy human beings AND blood contains buffers that prevent the pH from changing too drastically, so trying to forcibly alter blood pH wouldn't work effectively. Answer: E Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying Learning Outcome: 2.5 48) Which one of the following microbes would grow best at pH 1-3.5? A) Cyanobacteria in ocean water B) Propionibacterium acnes bacteria on human skin C) Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in the runoff from a copper mine Answer: C Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying ASMcue Outcome: 3.3 Learning Outcome: 2.5 49) You put a spoonful of table salt, NaCl, into a glass of water and it dissolves. You repeat this test, but drop the spoonful of salt into a glass of vegetable oil instead. What happens, and why? A) The salt doesn't dissolve because oil is nonpolar, and couldn't dissociate the ionic bond between the Na+ and Cl- ions. B) The salt dissolves in the oil just the same as it did in the water. C) The salt dissolves in the oil, but takes much longer to do so because oil molecules move more slowly than water, slowing the dissolution process down. D) The salt doesn't dissolve because oil is polar, and only nonpolar solvents would cause the dissociation of the Na+ and Cl- ions in the table salt. Answer: A Section: 2.2 Page | 29Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying Learning Outcome: 2.2 50) Which one of the following would be the most difficult covalent bond to break in a chemical reaction? A) Na+ and Cl- in NaCl B) two oxygen atoms in a molecule of O2 C) two nitrogen atoms in a molecule of N2 D) two hydrogen atoms in a molecule of H2 Answer: C Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying Learning Outcome: 2.2 2.2 True/False Questions 1) Elements only achieve the full complement of electrons in outermost energy shells by donating away or sharing electrons. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.1 2) Covalent bonds are always shared equally. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.2 Global Outcome: 7 3) Individual covalent bonds are stronger than individual ionic bonds. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.2 4) All chemical reactions are, in theory, reversible. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.3 5) The formation of ADP from ATP can be defined as a hydrolytic reaction. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Page | 30Learning Outcome: 2.12 6) The density of liquid water is greater than the density of ice. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.4 7) A basic solution is expected to contain more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5 Global Outcome: 7 8) All forms of life function optimally at a pH of 7. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.5 9) Water has recently been discovered to be lying just underneath the soil on Mars. This means it is possible life as we know it may also exist (or may once have existed) on Mars. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4 Global Outcome: 2 10) Carbon dioxide is an organic molecule. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 2.6 Global Outcome: 2 2.3 Essay Questions 1) Describe how the properties of phospholipids make these molecules well suited for plasma membranes. Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating Learning Outcome: 2.9 Global Outcome: 8 2) Figure 2.5 Page | 31Use Figure 2.5 to answer the following. Starch, cellulose, dextran, and glycogen are polysaccharides. How are they similar? To what are their different properties due? Why can't an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch degrade cellulose? Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating Learning Outcome: 2.8 Global Outcome: 8 3) Compare a molecule of a nucleotide to ATP. Could a cell simply insert ATP into DNA without altering it? Explain. Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating Learning Outcome: 2.12 Global Outcome: 8 4) A scientist claims that when a protein is denatured, it can be expected that its secondary structure will more likely be retained when compared to all other levels of protein structure structures. Do you agree? Explain. Page | 32Section: 2.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Creating Learning Outcome: 2.10 Global Outcome: 8 5) Water has recently been found just beneath the soil on Mars, but in frozen form. What does this mean for both the prospect of finding life on Mars in some form, but also for the possibility of humans to survive on/colonize the surface of Mars? Section: 2.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating Learning Outcome: 2.4 Global Outcome: 2 Chapter 3 Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope 3.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is NOT equal to 1 mm? A) 0.001 m B) 1,000,000 nm C) 0.1 cm D) 100 μm E) 1,000.000.000 pm Answer: D Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering Learning Outcome: 3.1 2) What structure does light pass through after leaving the condenser in a compound light microscope? A) ocular lens B) objective lens C) specimen D) illuminator Answer: C Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.2 Page | 333) Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) nigrosin - negative stain B) methylene blue - simple stain C) acidic dye - capsule stain D) basic dye - negative stain E) crystal violet - simple stain Answer: D Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing ASMcue Outcome: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 3.7 4) Which of the following places the steps of the Gram stain in the correct order? 1-Alcohol-acetone 2-Crystal violet 3-Safranin 4-Iodine A) 1-2-3-4 B) 2-1-4-3 C) 2-4-1-3 D) 4-3-2-1 E) 1-3-2-4 Answer: C Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying ASMcue Outcome: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 3.9 5) Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) alcohol-acetone - decolorizer B) crystal violet – basic dye C) safranin – acid dye D) iodine – mordant E) carbolfuchsin – basic dye Answer: C Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing ASMcue Outcome: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 3.7 6) Which of the following is NOT true regarding the acid-fast stain? A) It is used to identify members of the genus Mycobacterium. B) Acid-fast cells retain the primary dye after treatment with acid-alcohol. C) If cells are acid-fast, they are gram-negative. D) Acid-fast cells appear red in a completed acid-fast stain. E) Non-acid-fast microbes appear blue in a completed acid-fast stain. Answer: C Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 3.10 Page | 347) The purpose of a mordant in the Gram stain is to A) remove the simple stain. B) make the bacterial cells larger. C) make the flagella visible. D) prevent the crystal violet from leaving the cells. E) make gram-negative cells visible. Answer: D Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 3.10 8) Which of the following places the steps in the correct sequence? 1-Staining 2-Making a smear 3-Fixing A) 1-2-3 B) 3-2-1 C) 2-3-1 D) 1-3-2 E) The order is unimportant. Answer: C Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying ASMcue Outcome: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 3.8 9) The negative stain is used to A) visualize endospores. B) determine Gram reaction. C) determine flagella arrangement. D) visualize fimbriae. E) determine cell size. Answer: E Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.11 10) Simple staining is often necessary to improve contrast in which microscope? A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) fluorescence microscope E) electron microscope Answer: A Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.8 11) Which microscope is used to see internal structures of cells in a natural state? A) compound light microscope Page | 35B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) fluorescence microscope E) electron microscope Answer: B Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.4 12) Which microscope uses visible light? A) confocal microscope B) differential interference contrast microscope C) fluorescence microscope D) scanning acoustic microscope E) scanning electron microscope Answer: B Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.4 13) Which microscope achieves the highest magnification and greatest resolution? A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) fluorescence microscope E) electron microscope Answer: E Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.5 14) In using this microscope, the observer does NOT look directly at an image through a lens. A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) fluorescence microscope E) electron microscope Answer: E Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.5 15) This microscope produces an image of a light cell against a dark background; internal structures are NOT visible. A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) fluorescence microscope E) electron microscope Answer: C Page | 36Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.4 16) A virus measures 100 nm in length. What is its length in μm? A) 10 μm B) 1 μm C) 0.1 μm D) 0.01 μm E) 0.001 μm Answer: C Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying Learning Outcome: 3.1 17) Which of the following is never useful for observing living cells? A) phase-contrast microscope B) darkfield microscope C) scanning acoustic microscope D) scanning electron microscope E) brightfield microscope Answer: D Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.5 18) A microorganism measures 5 μm in length. Its length in mm would be A) 500 mm. B) 50 mm. C) 0.5 mm. D) 0.05 mm. E) 0.005 mm. Answer: E Section: 3.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying Learning Outcome: 3.1 19) Which of the following correctly traces the path of light through the compound microscope? A) light source; condenser; specimen; objective lens; ocular lens B) condenser; light source; specimen; ocular lens; objective lens C) light source; specimen; condenser; objective lens; ocular lens D) condenser; light source; specimen; objective lens; ocular lens E) light source; condenser; objective lens; specimen; ocular lens Answer: A Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Page | 37Learning Outcome: 3.2 20) Figure 3.1 In Figure 3.1, line "c" points to the microscope's A) illuminator. B) condenser. C) ocular lens. D) objective lens. Answer: B Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.2 21) Which microscope can be used to visualize DNA or botulinum toxin? A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) scanning tunneling microscope D) confocal microscope E) scanning electron microscope Answer: C Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.6 Page | 3822) Which microscope is used to observe a specimen that emits light when illuminated with an ultraviolet light? A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) fluorescence microscope E) electron microscope Answer: D Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.4 23) Which microscope is most useful for visualizing a biofilm? A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) fluorescence microscope D) scanning acoustic microscope E) transmission electron microscope Answer: D Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.6 24) Which microscope takes advantage of differences in the refractive indexes of cell structures? A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) fluorescence microscope E) electron microscope Answer: B Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.4 25) You are performing a Gram stain on gram-positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the first dye. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A) purple B) red C) colorless D) brown Answer: A Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying ASMcue Outcome: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 3.9 26) You are performing a Gram stain on gram-negative bacteria and you stop after the addition of the mordant. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A) purple B) red Page | 39C) colorless D) brown Answer: A Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying ASMcue Outcome: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 3.9 27) You are performing a Gram stain on gram-negative bacteria and you stop after the decolorizer step. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A) purple B) red C) colorless D) brown Answer: C Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying ASMcue Outcome: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 3.9 28) You are performing a Gram stain on gram-positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the counterstain. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A) purple B) red C) colorless D) brown Answer: A Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying ASMcue Outcome: 8.1 Learning Outcome: 3.9 29) Which type of stain is most useful in helping clinicians to decide which antibiotic to prescribe for a bacterial infection? A) negative stain B) simple stain C) Gram stain D) endospore stain E) flagella stain Answer: C Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.10 Global Outcome: 2 30) Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) confocal microscope - produces a three-dimensional image B) darkfield microscope - uses visible light C) fluorescence microscope - uses a fluorescent light D) scanning electron microscope - produces a three-dimensional image E) scanning tunneling microscope - allows visualization of atoms Page | 40Answer: C Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.4 31) What is the total magnification of a specimen viewed with a 10x ocular lens and a 45x objective lens? A) 4.5x B) 10x C) 45x D) 100x E) 450x Answer: E Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.3 32) You are studying a cell structure that is approximately 100 nm in size. Which of the following provides the greatest magnification you can use to see this structure? A) brightfield microscope B) darkfield microscope C) transmission electron microscope D) phase-contrast microscope E) scanning electron microscope Answer: E Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.6 Global Outcome: 2 33) Which microscope uses two beams of light to produce a three-dimensional color image? A) fluorescence microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) DIC microscope E) electron microscope Answer: D Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.4 34) Which microscope is used to see intracellular detail in a living cell? A) fluorescence microscope B) two-photon microscope C) atomic force microscope D) transmission electron microscope E) brightfield microscope Page | 41Answer: B Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.4 35) Which microscope is used to observe viruses and the internal structure of thinly sectioned cells? A) transmission electron microscope B) darkfield microscope C) fluorescence microscope D) brightfield microscope E) scanning electron microscope Answer: A Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.6 36) Which microscope is used to see detail of a 300-nm virus? A) fluorescence microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) DIC microscope E) electron microscope Answer: E Section: 3.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.6 37) Assume you stain Bacillus by applying malachite green with heat and then counterstaining with safranin. Through the microscope, the green structures are A) cell walls. B) capsules. C) endospores. D) flagella. E) The answer cannot be determined. Answer: C Section: 3.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding ASMcue Outcome: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 3.11 38) Which step in the Gram stain is the critical step in differentiating