BPK 110 Final Review Questions and Answers 2024 with complete solution

BPK 110 Final Review Questions and Answers 2024 with complete solution Differentiate between complete and incomplete proteins and provide typical sources of each. - Answer ️️ -Complete proteins: Have all nine essential amino acids. Ex. Animal sources of protein (milk, meat) Incomplete proteins: Lack one or more of the essential amino acids. Ex. Plant sources of proteins (legumes) Describe the molecular structure of proteins and the four levels of protein structure. Which bonds are essential to each level of organization? - Answer ️️ -Proteins are composed of long chains of amino acids folded into very specific patterns. Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form polypeptides. Primary Structure: Polypeptide chain; peptide bonds. Secondary Structure: Alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets; hydrogen bonds between side chains in the polypeptide chains. Tertiary Structure: Disulphide, hydrogen bonds between side chains. Quaternary Structure: The binding of two or more polypeptide chains together. Define the key words: Denaturation, deamination, peptide bond, polypeptide. - Answer ️️ - Denaturation: Refers to the alteration of a protein's 3D structure (from heat, acid, cooking, etc.) Deamination: The removal of the nitrogen group found on proteins Where/how does protein digestion occur in the body? Include key enzymes involved in the process and their source organs. - Answer ️️ -1. In the mouth, chewing begins the mechanical breakdown of protein. 2. In the stomach, hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin begin the chemical digestion of protein. 3. In the small intestine, pancreatic proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin), along with enzymes in the microvilli break down polypeptides into amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides. What risk is there in consuming isolates of single amino acids? - Answer ️️ -Similar amino acids sometimes use the same transporter, so if there is an overabundance of one amino acid, it may block the absorption of another (deficiency). Outline the key functions of proteins. Use specific examples. - Answer ️️ -1. Structure: Protein forms some of the base structure of bone, ligaments, muscles, hair, and skin 2. Enzymes: Proteins that speed of the rate of chemical reactions 3. Transport: The hemoglobin protein in blood binds to oxygen and allows it to be transported by red blood cells 4. Protection from disease: Antibodies are proteins that help fight off infection 5. Movement: Actin and myosin are proteins that allow muscles to contract 6. Fluid balance: Proteins found in blood draw in water, reducing chance of edema 7. Energy extraction Differentiate between kwashiorkor and marasmus. - Answer ️️ -Kwashiorkor: Protein deficiency leading to fluid accumulation in the abdomen, and a fatty liver Marasmus: Protein and energy deficiency leading to the depletion of fat stores and wasting of muscle Contrast the potential benefits and risks of consuming a high protein diet. - Answer ️️ - Benefits: -May be associated with weight loss -Can help build muscle mass Risks: -Can lead to dehydration, since deamination requires more water excretion -May increase calcium loss -May increase risk of kidney stones Outline the protein recommendations for the average Canadian, pregnant women and endurance and strength athletes. - Answer ️️ -AMDR: 10-35% of calories RDA: 0.8 g/kg of body weight Pregnant: +25 g/day Endurance/Strength Athletes: 1.2-1.4 g/kg of body weight Explain the concept of protein complementation. - Answer ️️ -Consuming different sources of plant protein that are rich sources of certain essential amino acids, to ensure all the essential amino acids are met. Differentiate between the different types of vegetarian diets. - Answer ️️ -Semivegetarian: Excludes red meat but may include fish, poultry, diary products, and eggs. Pescetarian: Excludes all animal flesh except fish. Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian: Excludes all animal flesh but does include eggs and dairy products such as milk and cheese. Lacto Vegetarian: Excludes animal flesh and eggs but does in