ENTERPRISE
ARCHITECTURE
ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE AT WORK – M ARC
LANKHORST ET AL.
Summary of Enterprise Architecture 2017 course (INFOEAR) from Utrecht
University
Koen Niemeijer
,Contents
1. Introduction to Enterprise Architecture ................................................................ 4
2. State of the Art ......................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Architecture Methods and Frameworks ......................................................... 6
The IEEE 1471-2000/ISO/IEC 42010 Standard .................................................... 7
The Zachman Framework ................................................................................... 7
The Open Group Architecture Framework....................................................... 8
OMG’s Model-Driven Architecture .................................................................... 8
Other Frameworks ................................................................................................ 9
2.3 Description Languages ..................................................................................... 9
IDEF ......................................................................................................................... 9
BPMN .................................................................................................................... 10
UML ....................................................................................................................... 10
Architecture Description Languages .............................................................. 10
Suitability for Enterprise Architecture ............................................................... 11
3. Foundations ............................................................................................................ 11
3.1 Getting to Grips with Architectural Complexity .......................................... 11
3.2 Describing Enterprise Architectures .............................................................. 12
3.3 Pictures, Models, and Semantics ................................................................... 13
5. A Language for Enterprise Modelling ................................................................. 15
5.1 Describing Coherence.................................................................................... 15
5.2 Service Orientation and Layering.................................................................. 15
5.3 Three Dimensions of Modelling ...................................................................... 16
5.4 Full Framework .................................................................................................. 16
5.5 Composite Concepts ...................................................................................... 17
5.6 Motivation Concepts ...................................................................................... 18
5.7 Strategy Concepts .......................................................................................... 19
5.8 Business Layer Concepts................................................................................. 19
Business Structure Concepts ............................................................................. 20
Business Behaviour Concepts ........................................................................... 20
Higher-Level Business Concepts ....................................................................... 21
5.9 Application Layer Concepts .......................................................................... 21
Application Structure Concepts ...................................................................... 21
Application Behaviour Concepts .................................................................... 21
Business–Application Alignment....................................................................... 22
Koen Niemeijer Enterprise Architecture 1/59
, 5.10 Technology Layer Concepts ........................................................................ 22
Technology Structure Concepts ...................................................................... 22
Technology Behaviour Concepts .................................................................... 23
Application–Technology Alignment ................................................................ 23
5.11 Physical Concepts ......................................................................................... 24
5.12 Implementation and Migration Concepts ................................................. 24
Implementation-Related Concepts ................................................................ 24
Migration Planning Concepts........................................................................... 25
5.13 Relations .......................................................................................................... 25
5.14 Language Customisation Mechanisms ...................................................... 26
7. Guidelines for Modelling ....................................................................................... 27
7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 27
7.2 The Modelling Process ..................................................................................... 27
7.3 Guidelines for Modelling ................................................................................. 29
7.4 Readability and Usability of Models .............................................................. 31
8. Viewpoints and Visualisation ............................................................................... 32
8.1 Architecture Viewpoints ................................................................................. 33
8.2 Models, Views, and Visualisations.................................................................. 34
8.3 Visualisation and Interaction .......................................................................... 35
8.4 Creating, Selecting, and Using Viewpoints .................................................. 35
8.5 Basic Design Viewpoints ................................................................................. 37
Introductory Viewpoint ...................................................................................... 37
Organisation Viewpoint..................................................................................... 38
Actor Cooperation Viewpoint.......................................................................... 38
Business Function Viewpoint ............................................................................. 38
Product Viewpoint ............................................................................................. 38
Service Realisation Viewpoint .......................................................................... 39
Business Process Cooperation Viewpoint ....................................................... 39
Business Process Viewpoint ............................................................................... 39
Information Structure Viewpoint ...................................................................... 39
Application Cooperation Viewpoint ............................................................... 40
Application Usage Viewpoint .......................................................................... 40
Application Behaviour Viewpoint .................................................................... 40
Application Structure Viewpoint ...................................................................... 41
Technology Viewpoint....................................................................................... 41
Technology Usage Viewpoint .......................................................................... 41
Koen Niemeijer Enterprise Architecture 2/59
, Implementation & Deployment Viewpoint .................................................... 41
Physical Viewpoint ............................................................................................. 42
8.6 Motivation Viewpoints..................................................................................... 42
8.7 Strategy Viewpoints ......................................................................................... 42
8.8 Implementation and Migration Viewpoints ................................................. 43
8.9 Combined Viewpoints .................................................................................... 44
8.10 ArchiMate and TOGAF Viewpoints ............................................................. 44
9. Architecture Analysis............................................................................................. 44
9.1 Analysis Techniques ......................................................................................... 44
9.2 Quantitative Analysis ....................................................................................... 45
Model Structure .................................................................................................. 46
Approach ............................................................................................................ 47
Quantitative Input Data .................................................................................... 48
9.3 Functional Analysis........................................................................................... 49
Static Analysis...................................................................................................... 50
10. Architecture Alignment ...................................................................................... 50
10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 50
10.2 The GRAAL Alignment Framework .............................................................. 50
10.3 Alignment Phenomena................................................................................. 52
10.4 The Architecture Process .............................................................................. 54
Chapter summaries ................................................................................................... 56
1. Introduction to Enterprise Architecture .......................................................... 56
3. Foundations ........................................................................................................ 56
5. A Language for Enterprise Modelling ............................................................. 57
7. Guidelines for Modelling ................................................................................... 57
8. Viewpoints and Visualisation ............................................................................ 58
10. Architecture Alignment .................................................................................. 58
Koen Niemeijer Enterprise Architecture 3/59
, 1. Introduction to Enterprise Architecture
Similar to building a house, enterprise architecture needs a common frame of
references for practitioners. Some definitions:
Architecture: fundamental concepts or properties of a system in its
environment, embodied in its elements, relationships, and in the principles of its
design and evolution.
Stakeholder: an individual, team, or organisation (or classes thereof) with
interests in, or concerns relative to, a system.
Enterprise: any collection of organisations that has a common set of goals
and/or a single bottom line.
Enterprise architecture: a coherent whole of principles, methods, and models
that are used in the design and realisation of an enterprise’s organisational
structure, business processes, information systems, and infrastructure.
Enterprise architecture captures the essentials of the business, IT and its
evolution. The idea is that the essentials are much more stable than the specific
solutions that are found for the problems currently at hand. Architecture is
therefore helpful in guarding the essentials of the business, while still allowing for
maximal flexibility and adaptivity.
Even though an architecture captures the relatively stable parts of business
and technology, any architecture will need to accommodate and facilitate
change, and architecture products will therefore only have a temporary status.
Architectures change because the environment changes and new
technological opportunities arise, and because of new insights as to what is
essential to the business. Architecture models, views, presentations, and
analyses all help to bridge the ‘communication gap’ between architects and
stakeholders (Fig. 1.1).
Architecture is a process as well as a product. Once the architecture is created,
it needs to be maintained. Businesses and IT are continually changing.
Koen Niemeijer Enterprise Architecture 4/59
ARCHITECTURE
ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE AT WORK – M ARC
LANKHORST ET AL.
Summary of Enterprise Architecture 2017 course (INFOEAR) from Utrecht
University
Koen Niemeijer
,Contents
1. Introduction to Enterprise Architecture ................................................................ 4
2. State of the Art ......................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Architecture Methods and Frameworks ......................................................... 6
The IEEE 1471-2000/ISO/IEC 42010 Standard .................................................... 7
The Zachman Framework ................................................................................... 7
The Open Group Architecture Framework....................................................... 8
OMG’s Model-Driven Architecture .................................................................... 8
Other Frameworks ................................................................................................ 9
2.3 Description Languages ..................................................................................... 9
IDEF ......................................................................................................................... 9
BPMN .................................................................................................................... 10
UML ....................................................................................................................... 10
Architecture Description Languages .............................................................. 10
Suitability for Enterprise Architecture ............................................................... 11
3. Foundations ............................................................................................................ 11
3.1 Getting to Grips with Architectural Complexity .......................................... 11
3.2 Describing Enterprise Architectures .............................................................. 12
3.3 Pictures, Models, and Semantics ................................................................... 13
5. A Language for Enterprise Modelling ................................................................. 15
5.1 Describing Coherence.................................................................................... 15
5.2 Service Orientation and Layering.................................................................. 15
5.3 Three Dimensions of Modelling ...................................................................... 16
5.4 Full Framework .................................................................................................. 16
5.5 Composite Concepts ...................................................................................... 17
5.6 Motivation Concepts ...................................................................................... 18
5.7 Strategy Concepts .......................................................................................... 19
5.8 Business Layer Concepts................................................................................. 19
Business Structure Concepts ............................................................................. 20
Business Behaviour Concepts ........................................................................... 20
Higher-Level Business Concepts ....................................................................... 21
5.9 Application Layer Concepts .......................................................................... 21
Application Structure Concepts ...................................................................... 21
Application Behaviour Concepts .................................................................... 21
Business–Application Alignment....................................................................... 22
Koen Niemeijer Enterprise Architecture 1/59
, 5.10 Technology Layer Concepts ........................................................................ 22
Technology Structure Concepts ...................................................................... 22
Technology Behaviour Concepts .................................................................... 23
Application–Technology Alignment ................................................................ 23
5.11 Physical Concepts ......................................................................................... 24
5.12 Implementation and Migration Concepts ................................................. 24
Implementation-Related Concepts ................................................................ 24
Migration Planning Concepts........................................................................... 25
5.13 Relations .......................................................................................................... 25
5.14 Language Customisation Mechanisms ...................................................... 26
7. Guidelines for Modelling ....................................................................................... 27
7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 27
7.2 The Modelling Process ..................................................................................... 27
7.3 Guidelines for Modelling ................................................................................. 29
7.4 Readability and Usability of Models .............................................................. 31
8. Viewpoints and Visualisation ............................................................................... 32
8.1 Architecture Viewpoints ................................................................................. 33
8.2 Models, Views, and Visualisations.................................................................. 34
8.3 Visualisation and Interaction .......................................................................... 35
8.4 Creating, Selecting, and Using Viewpoints .................................................. 35
8.5 Basic Design Viewpoints ................................................................................. 37
Introductory Viewpoint ...................................................................................... 37
Organisation Viewpoint..................................................................................... 38
Actor Cooperation Viewpoint.......................................................................... 38
Business Function Viewpoint ............................................................................. 38
Product Viewpoint ............................................................................................. 38
Service Realisation Viewpoint .......................................................................... 39
Business Process Cooperation Viewpoint ....................................................... 39
Business Process Viewpoint ............................................................................... 39
Information Structure Viewpoint ...................................................................... 39
Application Cooperation Viewpoint ............................................................... 40
Application Usage Viewpoint .......................................................................... 40
Application Behaviour Viewpoint .................................................................... 40
Application Structure Viewpoint ...................................................................... 41
Technology Viewpoint....................................................................................... 41
Technology Usage Viewpoint .......................................................................... 41
Koen Niemeijer Enterprise Architecture 2/59
, Implementation & Deployment Viewpoint .................................................... 41
Physical Viewpoint ............................................................................................. 42
8.6 Motivation Viewpoints..................................................................................... 42
8.7 Strategy Viewpoints ......................................................................................... 42
8.8 Implementation and Migration Viewpoints ................................................. 43
8.9 Combined Viewpoints .................................................................................... 44
8.10 ArchiMate and TOGAF Viewpoints ............................................................. 44
9. Architecture Analysis............................................................................................. 44
9.1 Analysis Techniques ......................................................................................... 44
9.2 Quantitative Analysis ....................................................................................... 45
Model Structure .................................................................................................. 46
Approach ............................................................................................................ 47
Quantitative Input Data .................................................................................... 48
9.3 Functional Analysis........................................................................................... 49
Static Analysis...................................................................................................... 50
10. Architecture Alignment ...................................................................................... 50
10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 50
10.2 The GRAAL Alignment Framework .............................................................. 50
10.3 Alignment Phenomena................................................................................. 52
10.4 The Architecture Process .............................................................................. 54
Chapter summaries ................................................................................................... 56
1. Introduction to Enterprise Architecture .......................................................... 56
3. Foundations ........................................................................................................ 56
5. A Language for Enterprise Modelling ............................................................. 57
7. Guidelines for Modelling ................................................................................... 57
8. Viewpoints and Visualisation ............................................................................ 58
10. Architecture Alignment .................................................................................. 58
Koen Niemeijer Enterprise Architecture 3/59
, 1. Introduction to Enterprise Architecture
Similar to building a house, enterprise architecture needs a common frame of
references for practitioners. Some definitions:
Architecture: fundamental concepts or properties of a system in its
environment, embodied in its elements, relationships, and in the principles of its
design and evolution.
Stakeholder: an individual, team, or organisation (or classes thereof) with
interests in, or concerns relative to, a system.
Enterprise: any collection of organisations that has a common set of goals
and/or a single bottom line.
Enterprise architecture: a coherent whole of principles, methods, and models
that are used in the design and realisation of an enterprise’s organisational
structure, business processes, information systems, and infrastructure.
Enterprise architecture captures the essentials of the business, IT and its
evolution. The idea is that the essentials are much more stable than the specific
solutions that are found for the problems currently at hand. Architecture is
therefore helpful in guarding the essentials of the business, while still allowing for
maximal flexibility and adaptivity.
Even though an architecture captures the relatively stable parts of business
and technology, any architecture will need to accommodate and facilitate
change, and architecture products will therefore only have a temporary status.
Architectures change because the environment changes and new
technological opportunities arise, and because of new insights as to what is
essential to the business. Architecture models, views, presentations, and
analyses all help to bridge the ‘communication gap’ between architects and
stakeholders (Fig. 1.1).
Architecture is a process as well as a product. Once the architecture is created,
it needs to be maintained. Businesses and IT are continually changing.
Koen Niemeijer Enterprise Architecture 4/59
