clinical psychology methods summary

what are interviews ?

Antwoord: usually face-to-face conversations

state a difference between an interview and a questionnaire

Antwoord: in an interview, the interviewer is contributing at the same time as the patient, but in a questionnaire, only the respondent/client is involved in answering the questions

how does the interviewer contribute to the interview ?

Antwoord: the interviewer usuallly asks questions and the interviewee answers them, but sometimes the interviewee might ask questions or the interviewer might offer instructions, clarifications or responses of their own.

describe another feature of interviews

Antwoord: interviews are often recorded (either audio-only or filmed). They can be transcribed (written down) later and analysed in detail.

structured interview

Antwoord: have pre-determined questions -they don\'t sound or feel much like a normal conversation.

interviews generalisability

Antwoord: exclude pps uncomfortable to share info with researcher (embarassed of particular attitudes or ashamed by their mental disorder). pps variables: interviewees who are articulate (speak clearly) give more quality info. Interveiws can exclude people less articulate or can\'t express themselves. or speak a different language but translators can clarify questions or answers in semi-structured interview.

intervies reliability

Antwoord: highly subjective: influenced by researcher\'s own personal impression of ppt. standardised procedures to ensure everyone gets asked the same questions worded in the same way in the same order. the more strcutured interview the more reliable. interviewers trained to ask questions in same way. interview can be repeated by a second interviewer (test-retest reliability). recorded interviews can be checked by other raters (inter-interviewer reliability).

interviews application

Antwoord: useful for socially sensitive research as other methods cold or disrespectful.

interviews validity

Antwoord: in-depth data on real life: help researchers understand person more thoroughly.

interviews validity weaknesses

Antwoord: researcher effects / interviewer bias - (researcher influences answers given) : deliberate through leading questions, encouragement or body language; or accidental if people are attractive / hostile, different sex or race.

what are interviews?

Antwoord: usually face-to-face conversations

describe a difference between an interview and a questionnaire

Antwoord: in an interview, the interviewer contributes at the same time as the interviewee, whils only the interviewee contrbutes in a questionnaire by answering set questions.

how does the interviewer contribute to the interview ?

Antwoord: asking questions which the interviewee answers to. but sometimes the interviewee might aks questions or the interviewer might offer instructions, clarifications or responses of their own.

give another feature of interviews

Antwoord: can be recorded (audio-only or filmed), then transcribed (written down) later and analysed in detail.

what is a clinical interview ?

Antwoord: special type of interview made by a medical practitioner to assess health.

example of case study in clinical psychology

Antwoord: laverenne et al. (2013) psychotic patients with fragile boundaries

what is ego boundary ?

Antwoord: awareness of distinction between what is real and what is not

fragile ego boundary

Antwoord: cannot differentiate between own personal perceptions and feelings from those of others

example of fragile ego boundary

Antwoord: fear of breaking apart, wish to be part of someone else

aim

Antwoord: to investigate how out-patients use the group session to provide themselves firm boundaries and develop a sense of connectedness in order to combat lonely feelings

example of interview in clinical psychology

Antwoord: valentine et al. (2010)

what was this interview about?

Antwoord: psyhco-educational group for detained offender patients

aim

Antwoord: investigate usefulness of psychoeducation within group work for offender patients in a high security forensic hospital setting

sample

Antwoord: 42 male offender patients

psychoeducation sessions and duration

Antwoord: 20 sessions across 3 years

what is Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC)?

Antwoord: a regulatory body that monitors practitioner psychologists

character

Antwoord: credible character refences from people who know them for 3 years

purpose of providing charactre references

Antwoord: to give an idea whether their character traits might be suitable for the role of a psychologist. whether any criminal cautions and convictions affect their suitability to practice

health guideline

Antwoord: general health recorded into the database every 2 years

purpose of health guideline

Antwoord: to assess whether any health issues affect their ability to practice safely

what is primary data ?

Antwoord: information gathered directly from participants

what is secondary data?

Antwoord: evidence gathered by other researchers

example of secondary data

Antwoord: accessing peer-reviewed articles or public access statistics

advantages of primary data

Antwoord: data is up to date. designed to target the required information with purpose of being specific for the investigation. can know and evaluate how valid/reliable the research was and hence have a high level of control

disadvantages of primary data

Antwoord: time consuming. ethical cosiderations in working directly with participants

what is grounded theory?

Antwoord: developing theory from research

why is grounded theory different from the common scientific approach / method ?

Antwoord: the scientific method involves formulating a hypothesis and testing the theory, whereas grounded theory formulates a theory after gathering research evidence

what does grounded theory involve?

Antwoord: gathering and analysisng qualitative data about topics of interest so theory emerges gradually from the data analysed

step 1

Antwoord: identify area of behaviour of interest here information can be gathered from

step 2

Antwoord: code it int some way until patterns appear