PATHOLOGY SECTION - NBCE Part I Board Review questions

Metastatic calcification - Calcium infiltration into *normal tissue* (Hypervitaminosis D) Dystrophic calcification - Calcium infiltration into *abnormal tissue* (atherosclerosis, atheroma) Caseous degeneration - Degeneration associated with tuberculosis Enzymatic degeneration - Degeneration associated with the pancreas Fatty degeneration - This degeneration is seen in the liver (nutmeg liver)and heart (tabby cat heart). In blood vessels, it begins as a fatty dot -> fatty streak -> atheroma (fatty plaque) -> fibroatheroma (fibrous tissue, calcium) Liquifactive degeneration - This type of degeneration occurs in the CNS (brain melts, tertiary syphilis, leprosy) and skin (from an infection) Wallerian degeneraation - This type of degeneration affects peripheral nerves. Degeneration occurs from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier. It causes the "dying back" phenomenon. Zenker's (Waxy) degeneration - This type of degeneration is most common in skeletal muscle, and muscle is replaced with hyaline Karyolysis - This is nuclear rupture Karyorrhexis - This is nuclear swelling Pyknosis - This is nuclear condensation Atrophy - This is decrease in size. Most commonly seen in muscle Hypertrophy - This is increase in size (usually seen in muscle) Hyperplasia - This is an increase in the number of cells, as seen in a pregnant uterus or goiters Metaplasia - This is change from one ell type to another, such as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium changing to stratified squamous epithelium in the lungs of a smoker Dysplasia - This is a change in size, shape, or function in a cell. It is precancerous, but the last stage that is reversible before it becomes cancerous