MCB 100 FULL Exam 1 (UIUC)
key distinction of microorganisms from other organisms - answer microorganisms do
not form differentiated tissues
1 mm = ? microns - answer 1000
1 m = ? mm - answer 1000
1 micron = ? nm - answer 1000
"little things" small to large - answer atoms ==> small molecules (amino acids,
nucleotides, sugars) ==> biological macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids,
polysaccharides, lipids) ==> subcellular structures (viruses, ribosomes, microtubules)
==> Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Nanobacteria ==> most bacteria and
archaea ==> yeasts and flagellated protozoa ==> typical plant and animal cells,
amoebae ==> ciliated protozoa ==> zooplankton (small multicellular animals)
subcellular aggregates of molecules - answer viruses, viroids, prions
traits of all living cells - answer 1. Able to grow and reproduce (can convert nonliving
nutrients into living cytoplasm)
2. Genetic material is DNA
3. Metabolism
4. Able to make or acquire ATP
5. Able to synthesize proteins
6. Bound by an active cell membrane
function of ribosomes - answer read mRNA and synthesize proteins
traits of viruses - answer 1. Not cellular organisms
2. Consist of some genetic material, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a coat of
protein (capsid)
3. Some animal viruses have a membrane-like envelope of lipids and proteins, but
many viruses lack this feature
4. Lack ribosomes and tRNAs -- cannot synthesize proteins on their own
5. Contain few or no enzymes -- lack metabolic pathways
6. Lack ATP -- no means of generating ATP
7. Obligate intracellular parasites -- must be inside host cell to have life-like functions
,sizes of viruses and bacteria small - large - answer hemoglobin ==> Poliomyelitis
==> Adenovirus ==> HIV ==> Poxvirus ==> Rickettsia ==> Streptococcus ==> E. coli
have cell wall - answer 1. Most bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Plants
4. Fungi
5. Algae
lack cell wall - answer 1. Mycoplasma
2. Animals
3. Protozoa
cell membrane - answer Lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that acts as the
diffusion barrier around the cell. Semipermeable.
cell wall - answer Net-like bag of polysaccharides that surrounds the cell and causes
it to maintain a specific shape. Protects the cell from osmotic lysis but is not a barrier to
the diffusion of small molecules.
prokaryotes - answer no nuclear membrane
bacteria
archaea
eukaryotes - answer have nuclear membrane
protozoa
fungi
algae
eukaryote ribosome size - answer 80S
prokaryote ribosome size - answer 70S
structures not found in prokaryotes - answer nuclear membrane, endoplasmic
reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplasts, membrane-bound organelles, cytoskeleton,
phagolysosomes, snRNPs
chromosome number and shape - eukaryotes - answer plural
linear
chromosome number and shape - prokaryotes - answer single
circular
size - eukaryotes - answer mostly 4-20mm
size - prokaryotes - answer mostly 0.5-3mm
,fungi - answer Eukaryotic
Cell wall - chitin
Not photosynthetic
Nutrient molecules absorbed by osmosis
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
Most have mitochondria
Most prefer aerobic conditions
protozoa - answer Eukaryotic
No cell wall
Not photosynthetic
Some absorb nutrient molecules by osmosis, others engulf food particles by
phagocytosis
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
Most have mitochondria
Most prefer aerobic conditions
algae - answer Eukaryotic
Most have cell walls - cellulose
Photosynthetic
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
Most have mitochondria
Most prefer aerobic conditions
Produce oxygen and fix carbon dioxide
bactera - answer Prokaryotic
Most have cell walls - peptidoglycan
Some are photosynthetic, most are not
Some can fix nitrogen
Wide variety of metabolic lifestyles
Lack true sexual reproduction
Many excrete enzymes to digest complex molecules
Some cause human disease
archaea - answer Prokaryotic
Cell walls - protein or pseudopeptidoglycan
Wide variety of metabolic lifestyles
Some produce methane
Some are extremophiles (hyperthermophiles)
Lack true sexual reproduction
Do not excrete enzymes to digest complex molecules
Do not cause human disease
RNA polymerase is similar to eukaryotic enzymes
viruses - answer Not cellular
, Smaller than the smallest known cells
Lack an active cell membrane
Lack ribosomes, etc. for protein synthesis
Lack ATP generating metabolism
Must be inside a host cell to reproduce
Genetic material can be DNA or RNA, ss or ds
viroids - answer Infections particles seen in plants, similar to RNA viruses except
they lack a capsid
prions - answer Infections particles
Lack nucleic acid
Altered forms of normal proteins that appear to be able to convert normal proteins to an
abnormal shape upon contact
Abnormal form of protein is associated with disease
microbes are found... - answer wherever there is liquid water, an energy source, and
carbon
microbes are the basis of... - answer food chains
microbes are essential for... - answer elemental recycling in the environment
4 questions drove the development of microbiology - answer 1. Can living organisms
arise by spontaneous generation?
2. What causes fermentation?
3. What causes disease?
4. How can we prevent and treat infectious diseases?
scientific method - answer 1. Observations lead to the formation of a question
2. Create a hypothesis - a potential answer to the question
3. Design and conduct experiments to test the hypothesis
4. Based on the results of the experiments, the hypothesis is rejected, modified, or
accepted
Aristotle - answer 350 BC
living creatures can arise by sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, and
spontaneous generation from non-living matter
Girolamo Fracostoro - answer 1546
Germ theory of disease
Robert Hooke - answer 1665
Describes tissue structure of cork, uses term "cell"
Francesco Redi - answer 1668
key distinction of microorganisms from other organisms - answer microorganisms do
not form differentiated tissues
1 mm = ? microns - answer 1000
1 m = ? mm - answer 1000
1 micron = ? nm - answer 1000
"little things" small to large - answer atoms ==> small molecules (amino acids,
nucleotides, sugars) ==> biological macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids,
polysaccharides, lipids) ==> subcellular structures (viruses, ribosomes, microtubules)
==> Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Nanobacteria ==> most bacteria and
archaea ==> yeasts and flagellated protozoa ==> typical plant and animal cells,
amoebae ==> ciliated protozoa ==> zooplankton (small multicellular animals)
subcellular aggregates of molecules - answer viruses, viroids, prions
traits of all living cells - answer 1. Able to grow and reproduce (can convert nonliving
nutrients into living cytoplasm)
2. Genetic material is DNA
3. Metabolism
4. Able to make or acquire ATP
5. Able to synthesize proteins
6. Bound by an active cell membrane
function of ribosomes - answer read mRNA and synthesize proteins
traits of viruses - answer 1. Not cellular organisms
2. Consist of some genetic material, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a coat of
protein (capsid)
3. Some animal viruses have a membrane-like envelope of lipids and proteins, but
many viruses lack this feature
4. Lack ribosomes and tRNAs -- cannot synthesize proteins on their own
5. Contain few or no enzymes -- lack metabolic pathways
6. Lack ATP -- no means of generating ATP
7. Obligate intracellular parasites -- must be inside host cell to have life-like functions
,sizes of viruses and bacteria small - large - answer hemoglobin ==> Poliomyelitis
==> Adenovirus ==> HIV ==> Poxvirus ==> Rickettsia ==> Streptococcus ==> E. coli
have cell wall - answer 1. Most bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Plants
4. Fungi
5. Algae
lack cell wall - answer 1. Mycoplasma
2. Animals
3. Protozoa
cell membrane - answer Lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that acts as the
diffusion barrier around the cell. Semipermeable.
cell wall - answer Net-like bag of polysaccharides that surrounds the cell and causes
it to maintain a specific shape. Protects the cell from osmotic lysis but is not a barrier to
the diffusion of small molecules.
prokaryotes - answer no nuclear membrane
bacteria
archaea
eukaryotes - answer have nuclear membrane
protozoa
fungi
algae
eukaryote ribosome size - answer 80S
prokaryote ribosome size - answer 70S
structures not found in prokaryotes - answer nuclear membrane, endoplasmic
reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplasts, membrane-bound organelles, cytoskeleton,
phagolysosomes, snRNPs
chromosome number and shape - eukaryotes - answer plural
linear
chromosome number and shape - prokaryotes - answer single
circular
size - eukaryotes - answer mostly 4-20mm
size - prokaryotes - answer mostly 0.5-3mm
,fungi - answer Eukaryotic
Cell wall - chitin
Not photosynthetic
Nutrient molecules absorbed by osmosis
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
Most have mitochondria
Most prefer aerobic conditions
protozoa - answer Eukaryotic
No cell wall
Not photosynthetic
Some absorb nutrient molecules by osmosis, others engulf food particles by
phagocytosis
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
Most have mitochondria
Most prefer aerobic conditions
algae - answer Eukaryotic
Most have cell walls - cellulose
Photosynthetic
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
Most have mitochondria
Most prefer aerobic conditions
Produce oxygen and fix carbon dioxide
bactera - answer Prokaryotic
Most have cell walls - peptidoglycan
Some are photosynthetic, most are not
Some can fix nitrogen
Wide variety of metabolic lifestyles
Lack true sexual reproduction
Many excrete enzymes to digest complex molecules
Some cause human disease
archaea - answer Prokaryotic
Cell walls - protein or pseudopeptidoglycan
Wide variety of metabolic lifestyles
Some produce methane
Some are extremophiles (hyperthermophiles)
Lack true sexual reproduction
Do not excrete enzymes to digest complex molecules
Do not cause human disease
RNA polymerase is similar to eukaryotic enzymes
viruses - answer Not cellular
, Smaller than the smallest known cells
Lack an active cell membrane
Lack ribosomes, etc. for protein synthesis
Lack ATP generating metabolism
Must be inside a host cell to reproduce
Genetic material can be DNA or RNA, ss or ds
viroids - answer Infections particles seen in plants, similar to RNA viruses except
they lack a capsid
prions - answer Infections particles
Lack nucleic acid
Altered forms of normal proteins that appear to be able to convert normal proteins to an
abnormal shape upon contact
Abnormal form of protein is associated with disease
microbes are found... - answer wherever there is liquid water, an energy source, and
carbon
microbes are the basis of... - answer food chains
microbes are essential for... - answer elemental recycling in the environment
4 questions drove the development of microbiology - answer 1. Can living organisms
arise by spontaneous generation?
2. What causes fermentation?
3. What causes disease?
4. How can we prevent and treat infectious diseases?
scientific method - answer 1. Observations lead to the formation of a question
2. Create a hypothesis - a potential answer to the question
3. Design and conduct experiments to test the hypothesis
4. Based on the results of the experiments, the hypothesis is rejected, modified, or
accepted
Aristotle - answer 350 BC
living creatures can arise by sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, and
spontaneous generation from non-living matter
Girolamo Fracostoro - answer 1546
Germ theory of disease
Robert Hooke - answer 1665
Describes tissue structure of cork, uses term "cell"
Francesco Redi - answer 1668
