APHON Overview – Questions With Solutions
Biotherapy ✔️Ans - modality of tx: agents that resemble body's own
defense and surveillance systems. can augment/modulate/restore host's
immune response, direct antitumor activity, other biological effects. side
effects typically hypersensitivity rx
Immune surveillance ✔️Ans - tumor cells express abnormal tumor antigens
on surface that can be recognized/destroyed by immune system
Natural killer cells ✔️Ans - lymphocyte that recognizes/kills malignant cells
Cytotoxic t cells ✔️Ans - recognize tumor-assosiated antigens and kills cells
Interferons ✔️Ans - multiple moa's & produced w/ recombinant dna.
protein capable of protecting other cells from viral infections by interfering
w/ viral replication.
family of glycoproteins include: antiviral, antiproliferative, potent
immunomodulatory effects
cytokines ✔️Ans - products of immune cells to enhance cytotoxic activity of
cells and increase immune response
alpha-interferon ✔️Ans - leukocyte-derived. tx: hairy cell leukemia,
melanoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, follicular lymphoma, multiple myeloma,
cutaneous t-cell lymphoma
beta-interferon ✔️Ans - fibroblast-derived. tx MS
gamma-interferon ✔️Ans - t-lymphocyte derived. tx chronic granulomatus
disease
interleukin-2 ✔️Ans - produced by t-helper cells & stimulate
growth/maturation of t-cell subsets, cytotoxic t-cells, production of
lymphokines & cytokines.
act as chemical signals b/w wbc's (revs up immune system)
,retinoids ✔️Ans - immunomodulators that facilitate differentiation &
suppress proliferation of cancer cells
all-trans retinoic acid (atra) ✔️Ans - tx: aml, aml m3 subtype, apl
increase maturation of promyelocytic blasts and rapid resolution of
coagulopathy r/t tx.
isotretinoin (accutane) ✔️Ans - retinoid tx neuroblastoma.
have antitumor activity unknown moa. TERATOGENIC. male/female pt must
register iPledge (fetal exposure). can also affect hearing & vision
antibodies ✔️Ans - proteins produced by b-lymphocytes. part of humoral
immunity of adaptive system. includes immunoglobulins (igG, igA, igM, igE,
igD)
murine ✔️Ans - mouse-derived MoAbs. pt develops human antimouse
antibodies creating high risk of hypersensitivity rx
end in -momab
Monoclonal antibodies ✔️Ans - very specific. directed against single
antigenic determinant on cell surface causing antibody-dependent cellular
toxicity, direct cell death, elimination of antigen/target cell that expresses the
antigen
low toxicity
-ximab ✔️Ans - moab combo of human & mouse antibodies
-zumab ✔️Ans - moab humanized, small part of mouse antibody fused w/
human antibody
-umab ✔️Ans - fully humanized moabs
chimeric moab ✔️Ans - murine variable & human constant coupled using
recombinant dna
purpose of moabs ✔️Ans - attach low-dose radioisotopes to image residual
disease. target chemo, radiation, biotherapy to tumor
purge autologous bone marrow of cancer cells before transplant
, selectively remove t cells responsible for gvhd from marrow prior to allogenic
transplant
efficacy increased w/ chemo or radioactive substances
rituximab ✔️Ans - tx relapsed/refractory b-cell lymphoma, cd20+, non-
hodgkins lymphoma (w/ chop), posttransplant lymphoproliferative d/o, &
chronic gvhd
rituximab moa ✔️Ans - act on CD20 antigen on surface of normal/malignant
b lymphocytes and works w/ immune system to induce b-cell lysis
radiopharmaceuticals ✔️Ans - moabs that have radioactive source attached
for cancer killing effect
ibritumomab tiuxetan (zevalin) ✔️Ans - radiopharmaceutical tx
relapse/refractory low-grade follicular or transformed b-cell non-hodgkins
lymphoma
rituximab + ibritumomab tiuxetan ✔️Ans - target cd20 protein on b-cells.
given prior to high dose of radiation. causes increased toxicity and severe
infusion rx
tositumomab + iodine 131 tositumomab (bexxar) ✔️Ans - tx cd20+
follicular non-hodgkin's lymphoma. moa: recognizes marker and signals
immune response then radioactive source locks on to moab, delivers radiation
directly to cd20 marked cells and kills lymphoma b-cells
hematopoietic growth factors ✔️Ans - regulate different levels of
hematopoietic cascade. aka colony stimulating factors. primarily used for
symptom management & expedited recovery from chemo-induced bone
marrow suppression
Colony Stimulating Factors ✔️Ans - ptns that support hematopoiesis.
decrease myelosuppression, accelerate recovery from bmt, tx
infections/parasitic diseases, help w/ pancytopenia
gcsf (filgrastim) ✔️Ans - stimulates neutrophil colonies to enhance
phagocytic activity and antibody-dependent killing tendency. starting dose 5
mcg/kg/day
Biotherapy ✔️Ans - modality of tx: agents that resemble body's own
defense and surveillance systems. can augment/modulate/restore host's
immune response, direct antitumor activity, other biological effects. side
effects typically hypersensitivity rx
Immune surveillance ✔️Ans - tumor cells express abnormal tumor antigens
on surface that can be recognized/destroyed by immune system
Natural killer cells ✔️Ans - lymphocyte that recognizes/kills malignant cells
Cytotoxic t cells ✔️Ans - recognize tumor-assosiated antigens and kills cells
Interferons ✔️Ans - multiple moa's & produced w/ recombinant dna.
protein capable of protecting other cells from viral infections by interfering
w/ viral replication.
family of glycoproteins include: antiviral, antiproliferative, potent
immunomodulatory effects
cytokines ✔️Ans - products of immune cells to enhance cytotoxic activity of
cells and increase immune response
alpha-interferon ✔️Ans - leukocyte-derived. tx: hairy cell leukemia,
melanoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, follicular lymphoma, multiple myeloma,
cutaneous t-cell lymphoma
beta-interferon ✔️Ans - fibroblast-derived. tx MS
gamma-interferon ✔️Ans - t-lymphocyte derived. tx chronic granulomatus
disease
interleukin-2 ✔️Ans - produced by t-helper cells & stimulate
growth/maturation of t-cell subsets, cytotoxic t-cells, production of
lymphokines & cytokines.
act as chemical signals b/w wbc's (revs up immune system)
,retinoids ✔️Ans - immunomodulators that facilitate differentiation &
suppress proliferation of cancer cells
all-trans retinoic acid (atra) ✔️Ans - tx: aml, aml m3 subtype, apl
increase maturation of promyelocytic blasts and rapid resolution of
coagulopathy r/t tx.
isotretinoin (accutane) ✔️Ans - retinoid tx neuroblastoma.
have antitumor activity unknown moa. TERATOGENIC. male/female pt must
register iPledge (fetal exposure). can also affect hearing & vision
antibodies ✔️Ans - proteins produced by b-lymphocytes. part of humoral
immunity of adaptive system. includes immunoglobulins (igG, igA, igM, igE,
igD)
murine ✔️Ans - mouse-derived MoAbs. pt develops human antimouse
antibodies creating high risk of hypersensitivity rx
end in -momab
Monoclonal antibodies ✔️Ans - very specific. directed against single
antigenic determinant on cell surface causing antibody-dependent cellular
toxicity, direct cell death, elimination of antigen/target cell that expresses the
antigen
low toxicity
-ximab ✔️Ans - moab combo of human & mouse antibodies
-zumab ✔️Ans - moab humanized, small part of mouse antibody fused w/
human antibody
-umab ✔️Ans - fully humanized moabs
chimeric moab ✔️Ans - murine variable & human constant coupled using
recombinant dna
purpose of moabs ✔️Ans - attach low-dose radioisotopes to image residual
disease. target chemo, radiation, biotherapy to tumor
purge autologous bone marrow of cancer cells before transplant
, selectively remove t cells responsible for gvhd from marrow prior to allogenic
transplant
efficacy increased w/ chemo or radioactive substances
rituximab ✔️Ans - tx relapsed/refractory b-cell lymphoma, cd20+, non-
hodgkins lymphoma (w/ chop), posttransplant lymphoproliferative d/o, &
chronic gvhd
rituximab moa ✔️Ans - act on CD20 antigen on surface of normal/malignant
b lymphocytes and works w/ immune system to induce b-cell lysis
radiopharmaceuticals ✔️Ans - moabs that have radioactive source attached
for cancer killing effect
ibritumomab tiuxetan (zevalin) ✔️Ans - radiopharmaceutical tx
relapse/refractory low-grade follicular or transformed b-cell non-hodgkins
lymphoma
rituximab + ibritumomab tiuxetan ✔️Ans - target cd20 protein on b-cells.
given prior to high dose of radiation. causes increased toxicity and severe
infusion rx
tositumomab + iodine 131 tositumomab (bexxar) ✔️Ans - tx cd20+
follicular non-hodgkin's lymphoma. moa: recognizes marker and signals
immune response then radioactive source locks on to moab, delivers radiation
directly to cd20 marked cells and kills lymphoma b-cells
hematopoietic growth factors ✔️Ans - regulate different levels of
hematopoietic cascade. aka colony stimulating factors. primarily used for
symptom management & expedited recovery from chemo-induced bone
marrow suppression
Colony Stimulating Factors ✔️Ans - ptns that support hematopoiesis.
decrease myelosuppression, accelerate recovery from bmt, tx
infections/parasitic diseases, help w/ pancytopenia
gcsf (filgrastim) ✔️Ans - stimulates neutrophil colonies to enhance
phagocytic activity and antibody-dependent killing tendency. starting dose 5
mcg/kg/day
