BIOL-2401 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1-133 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025.

Muscular/skeletal system support and movement nervous and endocrine Integration and coordination integumentary system Body covering digestive, respiratory, urinary Absorption and excretion cardiovascular and lymphatic Transport Reproductive reproduction body cavities labled cranial cavity, thoracic cavity, ventral cavity, abdominopelvic cavity Most processes in the body are controlled by---------. If a homeostatic system is controlled by this, the resulting action will always be in the------- direction of the stimulus. In this way, the variable is maintained with a normal level, or-------. The variable--------constant over time, and this -----------occurs around the set point. If the stimulus increases, the homeostatic system is activated to cause a---------in the stimulus. In contrast, if the stimulus decreases, the homeostatic system causes a(n)------- in the stimulus until it returns to normal. negative, opposite, set point, does not remain, fluctuation, decrease, increase Thermoreceptors detect body temperature and send impulses to the brain for analysis. If body temperature is low, the brain will signal skeletal muscles to perform brief, repeated contractions to help generate heat. In this example, what is the effector? skeletal muscles Place each of the labels into the proper category to indicate whether they relate to anatomy or physiology. Anatomy: study of form, each kidney contains approx. 6-10 pyramids, the human heart consists of 4 chambers, the brachial artery splits into the ulnar and radial arteries, the brain is composed of 2 hemispheres, mitochondria are more numerous in active cells, the muscle on the back of the arm has three heads or origins Physiology: study of function, cellular energy requires the body's production of ATP, glucose is the necessary fuel for the brain, heart cells contract on their own b/c of autorythmicity, long-term acid-base balance is controlled by the kidneys Match the following terms with the correct definition . 1. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons= Isotope 2. The sum of the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom = Mass number 3. The electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom= Valence electrons 4. Chemical bond where electrons are shared between atoms= covalent bond 5. Chemical bond created by the attraction of cations and anions= Ionic bond Label the following diagram of water molecules, hydrogen atoms, and hydrogen bonds the hydrogen bond is located above the water molecule, hydrogen atom is located above the hydrogen bond, and the oxygen atom is located at very bottom Specify whether each of the items listed is hydrophilic or hydrophobic by dragging the label into the appropriate box. Hydrophilic 1. Ions 2. Carbohydrates 3. Water 4. Polar Compounds 5. Glucose Hydrophobic 1. Lipids 2. Triglycerides 3. Cholesterol 4. Oil Sodium ion- •most common extracellular cation •most important In osmotic movement of water magnesium ion- •required for ATP production chloride ion •component of stomach acid potassium ion •most common intracellular cation •functions in pH balance calcium ion •functions to create hardness of bone and teeth Classify the physiological significance and functions in the human body with the correct ion Table sugar completely dissolved in water is an example of a solution Label the figures as being examples of either single, double, or triple covalent bonds. Label the following diagram with the appropriate terms. Building glycogen from glucose molecules is an example of anabolism Increasing kinetic energy of the reactants, helping them overcome the activation energy During a fever, the body increases in temperature, which will affect internal chemical reactions by H2O +C12H22O11 The following is a dehydration synthesis reaction. Which of the following correctly fills in the missing molecules? C6H1206+C6H12O6<_______+_________ Triglycerides Classify the example or definition with the appropriate type of chemical energy storage muscle: •Involved in long term energy storage •associated with adipose tissue Glucose •stored in liver and muscle tissue as part of a larger polymer •stored in form of glycogen ATP •Stored in all cells in limited amounts •Produced continuously and used immediately for cell's energy needs Identify the relationship between glucose and glycogen in the figure If you wanted to see a detailed three-dimensional image of the surface of a cell, which type of microscope would you use? scanning electron microscope (SEM) Click and drag each label into the correct category to indicate whether the scenario would cause crenation, hemolysis, or no change in a red blood cell. Nucleus Instructions for protein synthesis and cell reproduction; contains genetic information Endoplasmic Reticulum Intracellular compartment forms transport vesicles; participates in lipid synthesis and synthesis of membrane or secreted proteins Golgi apparatus Packages proteins for export from cell; forms secretory vesicles Lysosomes Digest worn-out organelles and cell debris; digest material taken up by endocytosis Mitochondria "power-plants" of the cell Peroxisome Used in break down of fats and contains the enzyme catalase Glycocalyx Immune system cells differentiate healthy versus unhealthy cells in the body by examining what part of the cell? Place each of the terms or statements in the proper category to identify the proper stage of mitosis. Place the events of transcription into the correct order. 1.- DNA is unwound by enzymes to expose a segment of a gene 2.- RNA polymerase attaches to a promoter region of the gene 3. - Hydrogen bonds between the two strands of DNA break, exposing nitrogenous bases 4.- RNA polymerase assists in the base pairing of ribonucleiotides with exposed DNA bases 5. - Hydrogen bonds break between the DNA strand and the mRNA strand 6.DNA rewinds into a double helix Correctly label the following areas on a slide of areolar connective tissue. The visible part of the ear has the ability to stretch significantly, and then recoil back to its original position. Which protein fiber must be present? elastic Correctly label the following areas on a slide of neuronal tissue. Match the type of connective tissue proper with its location in the body. Click and drag each term to the appropriate category to demonstrate whether it is related to the fibers or the ground substance of the connective tissue matrix. Fibers: elastic, reticular, collagen, resists tensile forces Ground substance: glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin, hydroxyapatite, protects chondrocytes Exocrine glands that are devoid of branches are referred to as----- glands simple Glands that split are known as------- compound When glands have dilated, pouch-like endings, they are referred to as-------- glands. acinar Methods of secretion include:-------,apocrine, and holocrine. merocrine A------- gland releases fragments of lysed cells within its secretions. holocrine Glands that secrete thin, aqueous fluids are known as------glands. serous Glands that secrete fluids containing mucin are called------- glands. mucous Of the following factors, which one does not contribute to skin aging? The skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness. The skin's response to severe injuries or burns, when functional activities are not restored, is called fibrosis Exposure to ultraviolet light darkens skin by stimulating synthesis of melanin Which statement is true regarding the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)? It stabilizes the position of the skin and binds it to underlying structures. The vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound is called granulation tissue Label the structures of the integument.