IPC EXAM TOPICS
Communication is:
- Inevitable
- Purposefull (doel bereiken)
- Transactional (contstante invloed wederzijds)
- Multi-dimensional
> Two stages of process: content & relation (identify projection & relationship
negotiation).
- Irreversible (‘accounts’ om vervelende daad te verklaren) (=zelfs als je probeert
bepaald gedrag te rechtvaardigen of uitleggen ('accounts'), de initiële impact van de
communicatie misschien niet volledig kan worden teruggedraaid)
Sociation
= desire to form connections/relationships
Compresence
= the presence of someone influences our behavior
Communication needs:
Competence need (being confident in actions to achieve goals)
Affiliation needs (relationships with important people)
Autonomy needs (having control instead of being directed)
Importance of IPC
- IPC processes crucial for understanding, agreement, relationships and goals.
- Good IPC skills lead to less stress, more confidence, more friends and less depression.
- Intervention and advice (communication in business, customer communication,
healthcare professional/patient)
- Self-efficacy
Social skills deficit theory
= lack of social skills makes someone more prone to depression.
* Seek positive interactions and avoid negative experiences.
Four stages in learning skills:
1) Observation
2) Emulation (can perform and mimic skill, but not entirely yet)
3) Self-control (slowly making skill your own)
4) Self-regulation (can use skill)
Differences verbal/vocal communication
Verbal communication Non-verbal communication
Vocal Content of talk Intonation, pitch, volume,
accent
Non-vocal Writing, signs Body language
,Accommodation Theory
= all aspects of how people use language can vary. Main ideas:
Linguistic style: the way we use language, like the words we choose or how we say
things.
Convergence = adapt spoken language to partner, be more similar.
Divergence = increase difference of spoken language.
Forms of non-verbal communication
Haptics (communication through physical touch)
Kinesics (communication through body movement)
Proxemics (personal & social space)
Physical characteristics (body shape & size)
Environmental factors (social surroundings e.g. decor)
Vocalics (elements of speech)
Assertiveness
= a response that clearly expresses one’s thoughts, feelings, and desires while respecting
rights and feelings of others. (Hargie)
‘I’m sorry, but I just got this sweater and would like to wear it myself first’.
Five forms of assertion
1. Basic assertion
= simple expression of standing up for personal rights
2. Emphatic assertion
= conveying sensitivity to convey recognition of other person’s situation
3. Escalating assertion
= start minimal, then start escalating more and more
4. Confrontive assertion
= confronting someone with their violation of agreement
5. I/We-language assertion|
= using I/We instead of you
(I > assertive, We > inclusive, You > not assertive)
Four types of listeners
1. People orientated (focus on other’s feelings and needs)
2. Task orientated listeners (getting business done)
3. Content orientated listeners (enjoy information)
4. Time oriented listeners (within time frame task complete)
Deception cues (= bedrog)
Indirect answers
Increased use of negative statements
Greater degree levelling, ‘every’ (more generalizing words like every or always to
create a less specific picture)
Fewer exclusive words
Fewer specific details
, Pupil dilation
Interpersonal Deception Theory (how to handle deception)
> look more at interaction to discover if someone is lying
* Truth = greater synchronization
* Lies = lower synchronization
Five behaviors that can be associated with the quality of giving criticism (Piccinin et al.)
Use of ‘I-language’
Clearly specify the problem
Showing empathy
Bidirectionality
The suggestion of explicit change
Assertieve reactie formuleren
I language (beschrijving gedrag)
Empatisch (perspective taking)
Self-disclosure (ik vind dat vervelend)
Verzoek voor verandering
We-language (inclusief)
Expressions of response styles:
- Non-assertive: stuttering, speaking soft, avoiding eye contact, avoid subject, limited
self-diclosure and expressing opinion.
- Assertive: clear and firm tone, eye contact, controlled gestures, quick responses,
addressing subject, self-disclosure and opinion.
- Aggressive: interrupting, speak loud, staring, beyond subject.
Eye contact
Assertiveness is associated with dominant behavior.
Submissive individuals tend to focus more on the dominant speaker when listening.
While speaking, submissive individuals, tend to look away.
Dominant individuals maintain more eye contact with listener while speaking and
receive more visual attention.
Communication is:
- Inevitable
- Purposefull (doel bereiken)
- Transactional (contstante invloed wederzijds)
- Multi-dimensional
> Two stages of process: content & relation (identify projection & relationship
negotiation).
- Irreversible (‘accounts’ om vervelende daad te verklaren) (=zelfs als je probeert
bepaald gedrag te rechtvaardigen of uitleggen ('accounts'), de initiële impact van de
communicatie misschien niet volledig kan worden teruggedraaid)
Sociation
= desire to form connections/relationships
Compresence
= the presence of someone influences our behavior
Communication needs:
Competence need (being confident in actions to achieve goals)
Affiliation needs (relationships with important people)
Autonomy needs (having control instead of being directed)
Importance of IPC
- IPC processes crucial for understanding, agreement, relationships and goals.
- Good IPC skills lead to less stress, more confidence, more friends and less depression.
- Intervention and advice (communication in business, customer communication,
healthcare professional/patient)
- Self-efficacy
Social skills deficit theory
= lack of social skills makes someone more prone to depression.
* Seek positive interactions and avoid negative experiences.
Four stages in learning skills:
1) Observation
2) Emulation (can perform and mimic skill, but not entirely yet)
3) Self-control (slowly making skill your own)
4) Self-regulation (can use skill)
Differences verbal/vocal communication
Verbal communication Non-verbal communication
Vocal Content of talk Intonation, pitch, volume,
accent
Non-vocal Writing, signs Body language
,Accommodation Theory
= all aspects of how people use language can vary. Main ideas:
Linguistic style: the way we use language, like the words we choose or how we say
things.
Convergence = adapt spoken language to partner, be more similar.
Divergence = increase difference of spoken language.
Forms of non-verbal communication
Haptics (communication through physical touch)
Kinesics (communication through body movement)
Proxemics (personal & social space)
Physical characteristics (body shape & size)
Environmental factors (social surroundings e.g. decor)
Vocalics (elements of speech)
Assertiveness
= a response that clearly expresses one’s thoughts, feelings, and desires while respecting
rights and feelings of others. (Hargie)
‘I’m sorry, but I just got this sweater and would like to wear it myself first’.
Five forms of assertion
1. Basic assertion
= simple expression of standing up for personal rights
2. Emphatic assertion
= conveying sensitivity to convey recognition of other person’s situation
3. Escalating assertion
= start minimal, then start escalating more and more
4. Confrontive assertion
= confronting someone with their violation of agreement
5. I/We-language assertion|
= using I/We instead of you
(I > assertive, We > inclusive, You > not assertive)
Four types of listeners
1. People orientated (focus on other’s feelings and needs)
2. Task orientated listeners (getting business done)
3. Content orientated listeners (enjoy information)
4. Time oriented listeners (within time frame task complete)
Deception cues (= bedrog)
Indirect answers
Increased use of negative statements
Greater degree levelling, ‘every’ (more generalizing words like every or always to
create a less specific picture)
Fewer exclusive words
Fewer specific details
, Pupil dilation
Interpersonal Deception Theory (how to handle deception)
> look more at interaction to discover if someone is lying
* Truth = greater synchronization
* Lies = lower synchronization
Five behaviors that can be associated with the quality of giving criticism (Piccinin et al.)
Use of ‘I-language’
Clearly specify the problem
Showing empathy
Bidirectionality
The suggestion of explicit change
Assertieve reactie formuleren
I language (beschrijving gedrag)
Empatisch (perspective taking)
Self-disclosure (ik vind dat vervelend)
Verzoek voor verandering
We-language (inclusief)
Expressions of response styles:
- Non-assertive: stuttering, speaking soft, avoiding eye contact, avoid subject, limited
self-diclosure and expressing opinion.
- Assertive: clear and firm tone, eye contact, controlled gestures, quick responses,
addressing subject, self-disclosure and opinion.
- Aggressive: interrupting, speak loud, staring, beyond subject.
Eye contact
Assertiveness is associated with dominant behavior.
Submissive individuals tend to focus more on the dominant speaker when listening.
While speaking, submissive individuals, tend to look away.
Dominant individuals maintain more eye contact with listener while speaking and
receive more visual attention.
