Praxis II Art Content Knowledge (5134) Art Making & Historical/Theoretical Foundation of Art 100% Pass

Praxis II Art Content Knowledge (5134) Art Making & Historical/Theoretical Foundation of Art 100% Pass In Jacob Lawrence's "Barber Shop," what does Lawrence use to create a visual rhythm? Shapes and colors are used to create a visual rhythm. Lawrence uses a variety of repeated shapes (such as the triangular barber capes and the shapes of the men's arms) and colors (such as the dark browns, light blues, greens, and reds/oranges) to create an intricate combination of rhythms in the composition. For millennia, artists working in two dimensions have transferred small compositions to larger surfaces through the use of a Grid. Ancient Egyptians used a grid-to-grid method to enlarge designs for wall murals. Thousands of years later, contemporary artists and artisans still use this low-tech way to copy or enlarge an image. Piet Mondrian's "The Red Tree" illustrates the use of what principle of design? Dynamic balance around a vertical axis. The tree's trunk and the branches that extend to the right create an arc. A vertical axis placed at the highest point of the tree would show balanced left and right halves of the image. They are not symmetrical, because the shapes on either side are not the same, but the thick trunk is balanced by the greater area of lighter branches on the right. This page from the Lindisfarne Gospels, the distinction between figure and ground is created by the internal red lines on the illuminated manuscript page. It is also created in the Shifts in color relationships. The figure, which is the shape outlined in red, and the ground around it are each filled with intricate, multicolored interlace. The dominant red/green combination in the figure helps to set it off from the ground, with its dominant blue/yellow combination. In a two-dimensional work of art, a bird's-eye or worm's-eye view of an object can best be achieved by using what type of perspective? Three-point. Three-point perspective involves three vanishing points: two recede toward the horizon line as in two-point perspective. The third vanishing point is used to show the vertical recession of parallel lines that are vertical to the ground. The addition of the third vanishing point makes it possible to depict a form from above (bird's-eye view) or below (worm's-eye view). Exposure to photography led artists such as Mary Cassatt and Edgar Degas to Compose work so that subject matter appears cropped. As photography developed, the intrinsic framing device of the lens was used to isolate subject matter in ways that differed from traditional Western compositional strategies. As the lens "found" the content, objects or spaces were often cut off at the composition's margins. Cassatt and Degas were among the artists who adapted this strategy for their own work. What safety strategy would contribute most to the safe practice for an artist who is machine buffing a piece of metal jewelry? Tying back long hair to keep it from being caught in the machine. Machine buffers spin at a rapid pace. Tying back long hair is extremely important; if hair were to become tangled in a buffing machine, serious neck injury could result. Which of the following colors is toxic when used as pigment--Cobalt blue, mars black, burnt sienna, and ultramarine violet? Cobalt Blue. Mars black, burnt sienna, and ultramarine violet contain no toxic elements. In contrast, cobalt pigments are toxic. The mark making in Elizabeth Catlett's "Sharecropper," identifies the print as A linocut. The patterns of black and white in the print are the result of each white mark having been cut out of a block so that the marks remain white when the surface of the block is inked and the block is printed. These patterns and the contrast between white and black help make the print recognizable as a linoleum block print, or linocut. What term refers to the surface texture of paper? Tooth. The tooth of a piece of paper is a factor in determining the media that can be used on it. For example, chalk pastels require paper with a noticeable tooth to catch the fine particles of color; other media, such as pen and ink, can be used on paper with virtually no tooth. What medias are often used to produce a hard, glossy finish? Laquer and Enamel. Lacquers can be made from both natural and synthetic components; they are used in many different applications and in many parts of the world, particularly Asia. When dry, lacquer surfaces are extremely hard and most often glossy. Enamel paint is traditionally an oil-based paint that dries to a hard, glossy finish. Some contemporary enamels are water-based but these, too, yield a glossy finish. What is a drawing process that uses changes in value to represent a three-dimensional surface? Modeling. In the context of drawing, modeling refers to the use of changes in value to represent a three-dimensional surface. Type of printing that does not limit the artist to either water-based or oil-based ink. Monoprinting. What term refers to the initial layer of color on a canvas that can be used to establish the overall color tone of the painting, to provide a neutral tone to be worked over with color, and/or to provide the artist with a general reminder of the composition Underpainting. A loose, gestural way of painting that has visible brush strokes as well as implying that it contains a departure form strict realism and has the appearance of a painting (as opposed to a photograph). Painterly The process of drawing on a plate with a greasy crayon and applying ink, which adheres to the crayon Lithograph The liquid constituent of paint that holds pigment in suspension Vehicle. A megapixel is composed of One million pixels. In photography, used to reduce or remove reflections. Polarizing filters Acronym that refers to a file format that can be used with moving images DV. "DV" stands for digital video. Industry standard of professional digital film editing software and the prime means of post-production for the film and television industry Final Cut Pro Pushing and pinching with one's fingers, digging parallel channels with a comb, and using slip to press on scored pieces of moist clay are examples of doing what to clay before it is fired? Appropriate ways to produce a textured surface on a moist clay project. A moist clay project retains enough elasticity for the surface to be textured either by using one's fingers or by using any of various objects, such as a comb. Slip can be used to press pieces of moist clay onto the project, and since the basic form and the decorative pieces are in a similar state, the whole can be fired without causing problems. Process of gluing multiple layers of paper onto an armature Papier-mâché. The portrait head by Auguste Rodin exhibits what that is closely tied to the sculpture's expressive quality? Uneven treatment of the surface texture. By varying the surface texture of the work, Rodin has caused the light that hits the sculpture to emphasize the contrast between raised and sunken areas. This heightens the facial characteristics that convey the subject's emotional state. An ancient Chinese form of silk decoration Embroidery. The process of preparing or threading a frame for weaving is referred to as Warping the loom. In weaving, the warp is the group of lengthwise threads that are held in tension on a frame or loom. Warping the loom is the process of setting these vertical threads prior to weaving and a well-warped loom with even tension is a critical step for successful weaving. What media produces a work with such a delicate surface that it is necessary to protect it by mounting it under glass and/or spraying it with a fixative? Pastel. Pastels are primarily composed of finely ground pigment rolled into round or square sticks and held together with a minimal amount of a nonoily binder. Drawings created with pastels have a dry, powdery surface. Pastel colors may be easily blended and never crack, darken, or yellow. However, a pastel drawing surface is also quite delicate and generally needs to be protected by a fixative and mounted under glass. The use of overlapping and interacting areas of thin washes of flat color and huge canvases that treat the surface as a field of vision Color-Field painting. Large abstract canvases painted or stained with glowing areas of overlapping and interacting flat color best characterize Color-Field painting. A visual illusion in art that tricks the eye in seeing a 2-d image as 3-d. Created and exemplified by American artist William Harnett. Trompe l'oeil. The decorative motifs of the eighteenth-century architect Robert Adam are most similar to those found on Wedgwood pottery. It is no coincidence that the decorative motifs of the eighteenth-century interior design of Robert Adam are similar to those found on Wedgwood pottery. Josiah Wedgwood was a personal friend of Adam and a great follower of contemporary taste and fashion. After the Neoclassical style was popularized by architects like Adam, Wedgwood went to work in order to develop a new ceramic body that would harmonize with the pastel shades of Adam's interior walls and delicate white plasterwork. After nearly 3,000 tries, he succeeded in creating Wedgwood pottery's signature pastel-colored jasperware with white relief ornamentation. Art movement that sought to create works that were suited to the realities of the industrial age and in which fine and decorative art were integrated into a unified whole. Frequently incorporated modern materials and organic forms in the creation of art, decorative objects, and architecture. Art Nouveau. Artist whose work is characterized by its use of dramatic light and gritty naturalism Caravaggio Judy Chicago's "Dinner Party" celebrates The achievements and contributions of women throughout history. Celebrating the achievements of women throughout history, the "table" created for Judy Chicago's Dinner Party is set with 39 place settings, each dedicated to an important woman (e.g., Georgia O'Keefe, Susan B. Anthony, Sojourner Truth); the names of 999 additional "women of achievement" are inscribed on the floor of the piece. German design school that combined fine arts, craft, and industrial design. Had a profound influence on the Modernist style. An example is the Barcelona Chair Bauhaus. The destruction of images for religious or political reasons Iconoclasm An important innovation in the Gothic architecture of the abbey church of Saint-Denis was its Incorporation of light and color into a church interior. The abbey church of Saint-Denis was innovative because it was the first to use a significant number of stained-glass windows. The stained glass introduced much more light and color into the interior than the smaller windows of earlier churches. Hall where the roof is supported by several rows of columns topped with large horse-shaped arches. An example is the Great Mosque at Córdoba Hypostyle Hall Translucent ceramic glaze with a green cast that was invented in ancient China Celadon. Term used to refer to the large number of reclining offertory male figures archeologically unearthed in modern times. Chac Mool Which of the following accurately describes this Kwakiutl mask? It is a stylized and expressionistic portrait. The Kwakiutl, also known as the Kwakwaka'wakw, are an indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest known for their masterfully carved totem poles, masks, and canoes. Their stylized and expressive masks make up a large portion of their ceremonial art and are important in the portrayal of characters central to their traditional dance ceremonies. Civilization where colossal heads were found defaced and buried, probably to mark the death of a ruler Olmec. The Taj Mahal was commissioned as a Mausoleum. The Taj Mahal was commissioned by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a memorial and tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Philosopher who laid the groundwork for an institutional theory of art that rests on the idea that Art is determined by the art world Arthur Danto. Danto actually coined the term "artworld" by which he meant "an atmosphere of artistic theory, a knowledge of the history of art." In his writing, he compared the evolution of the artworld to that of ever-changing scientific theories. Basically, Danto theorized art is art when it has been intentionally presented for inclusion in the artworld, which is the beginning of the institutional theory of art put forth by George Dickie. Theory of signs and symbols in language Semiotic theory. The Feldman method of art criticism includes description, analysis, interpretation, and what? Judgment. What Édouard Manet painting created a controversy among art critics because the artist painted a flattened figure with few shadows and little modeling? The Fifer.