The ULTIMATE Human Growth & Development (HGD) CLEP Study Guide 100% Verified Solution

The ULTIMATE Human Growth & Development (HGD) CLEP Study Guide 100% Verified Solution Discontinuity or Stage Theories (types of theories) - ANS->>-Development progresses through a series of stages -Each stage involves a specific task -Once task is achieved, individual moves to next stage -Changes are qualitative Continuity Theory (type of theory) - ANS->>-Development/change is a matter of small steps -Change is NOT qualitative Universality theorists believe... - ANS->>there are universals to development that occur across all cultures/time-periods Context-specific theorists believe... - ANS->>context (cultural/social) influences development Cognitive-Developmental Theory - ANS->>-Coined by Jean Piaget -Argues that cognitive abilities develop as one matures physiologically -It is a stage theory (4-stages) ~Sensorimotor stage (0-2yo) ~Preoperational stage (2-7yo) ~Concrete operations (7-12yo) ~Formal operations (12-15yo) Stage 1 of Cognitive-Developmental Theory? - ANS->>-Sensorimotor (0-2yo) -Characterized by child learning the difference between themselves and their environment Stage 2 of Cognitive-Developmental Theory? - ANS->>-Preoperational (2-7yo) -Characterized by: egocentrism, rigid thought, semi-logical reasoning, limited social cognition Stage 3 of Cognitive-Developmental Theory? - ANS->>-Concrete Operations (7-12yo) -Characterized by: individual can consider other viewpoints, can perform transformations (reversibility, inversion, reciprocity, conservation), can group items into categories, make inferences about reality, inductive reasoning (generalizing), increased quantitative skills Stage 4 of Cognitive-Developmental Theory? - ANS->>-Formal Operations (12-15yo) -Characterized by: higher ordered and critical thinking, logical, abstract, hypothetical capabilities, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, able to anticipate verbal cues, can perform an experiment (hypothesis, isolate variables, cause-and-effect) Jean Piaget and "Adaptation" (learning) - ANS->>Individual encounters a new stimulus -> disequilibrium of individual -> accommodation (adjusting prior knowledge) -> assimilation (putting new and old information together) -> understanding that which is new... (learning...) Learning Theorists believe... - ANS->>-that environment influences learning (nurture), and developmental change is the product of learning -ie. Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Bandura Classical Conditioning - ANS->>-Ivan Pavlov -"Learning takes place when reflexive behavior (salivating) comes under control of a novel stimulus (bell) in the environment" Unconditioned Stimulus? Unconditioned Response? Conditioned Stimulus? Conditioned Response? - ANS->>-stimulus that automatically elicits a response (steak) -automatic response to UCS (salivating) -paired with UCS to generate response (steak & bell) -response that results from CS (salivating at bell) IRT Classical Conditioning... "Generalization"? "Discrimination"? "Extinction"? - ANS->>-CR is elicited by stimuli similar to CS (alike to bell) -CR is only elicited by CS (bell) -Unlearning of the CR Classical Conditioning of Emotional Responses - ANS->>-John Watson -Through experience we learn to associate new environmental stimuli with reflexive emotional responses -Conditioned fear into Little Albert using a loud noise (UCS) and a rate (CS); later, little albert would be fearful of just rat... Operant Conditioning - ANS->>-B.F. Skinner -Learning is controlled by stimuli and our interaction with it, but our behavior is influenced by consequences (reward, punishment) -Positive reinforcement = rewarding behavior (candy) -Negative reinforcement = removing an undesirable consequence to promote good behavior (letting a kid out of timeout if they agree to not be disruptive) Social Cognitive Theory - ANS->>-Albert Bandura -Changes in behavior don't result from just conditioning, but also from observing and modeling Continues...