Samenvatting
Motivatie en de Zelfsturende Mens
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1 – Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3
Hoofdstuk 2 – Motivation/Emotion in Historical Perspective ................................................................. 6
Hoofdstuk 4 – Physiological Needs ....................................................................................................... 10
Hoorcollege 1 – 5-9-2023 ...................................................................................................................... 16
Introductie......................................................................................................................................... 16
Psychologische Behoeften................................................................................................................. 16
Werkgroep 1 – 8-9-2023 ....................................................................................................................... 18
Hoofdstuk 3 – the Motivated and Emotional Brain .............................................................................. 19
Hoofdstuk 6 – Psychological Needs....................................................................................................... 25
Hoorcollege 2 – 12-9-2023 .................................................................................................................... 31
Psychologische Behoeften in Werk ................................................................................................... 31
Psychologische Behoeften in de Klinische Psychologie ..................................................................... 32
Hoorcollege 3 – 14-9-2023 .................................................................................................................... 37
Psychologische Behoeften binnen de Ontwikkelingspsychologie ..................................................... 37
Psychologische Behoeften binnen de Neuropsychologie ................................................................. 39
Hoofdstuk 5 – Extrinsic Motivation and Internalization........................................................................ 42
Hoofdstuk 8 – Goal Setting and Goal Striving ....................................................................................... 47
Ryan & Desi – Parenting and the Facilitation of Autonomy and Well-being in Development .............. 51
Kennisclip – Mindsets ........................................................................................................................... 55
Hoorcollege 4 – 19-9-2023 .................................................................................................................... 57
In- en Extrinsieke Motivatie .............................................................................................................. 57
Klinische Psychologie ........................................................................................................................ 59
Hoorcollege 5 – 21-9-2023 .................................................................................................................... 62
Extrinsieke Motivatie ........................................................................................................................ 62
Doelen: Waar Komen ze Vandaan? ................................................................................................... 64
Gunderson – Parent Praise to Toddlers Predicts Fourth Grade Academic Achievement via Children’s
Incremental Mindsets ........................................................................................................................... 66
Hoofdstuk 9 – Mindsets ........................................................................................................................ 67
Hoofdstuk 11 – the Self and its Strivings .............................................................................................. 71
Hoorcollege 6 – 26-9-2023 .................................................................................................................... 77
Doelen Stellen en Nastreven ............................................................................................................. 77
1
, Mindsets in Ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................. 78
Hoorcollege 7 – 28-9-2023 .................................................................................................................... 82
Hoofdstuk 12 – Nature of Emotion: Six Perennial Questions ............................................................... 86
Hoorcollege 8 – 3-10-2023 .................................................................................................................... 92
Emoties en Emotieregulatie .............................................................................................................. 92
Klinische Praktijk ............................................................................................................................... 96
Hoofdstuk 10 – Personal Control Beliefs ............................................................................................. 100
Hoorcollege 9 – 10-10-2023 ................................................................................................................ 105
Self and Self-concept....................................................................................................................... 105
Klinische Psychologie ...................................................................................................................... 107
Oefenvragen ........................................................................................................................................ 111
Zelftest questions (hoorcollege zes)................................................................................................ 111
Reproductievragen .......................................................................................................................... 111
Inzicht- en toepassingsvragen ......................................................................................................... 112
Oefenvragen – Antwoorden ................................................................................................................ 114
Zelftest questions (hoorcollege zes)................................................................................................ 114
Reproductievragen .......................................................................................................................... 114
Inzicht- en toepassingsvragen ......................................................................................................... 117
2
,Hoofdstuk 1 – Introduction
Motivation
= Wanting
➔ Approach vs avoidance
= Internal processes that give behaviour its
- Energy (strength)
- Direction (purpose)
- Persistence (endurance)
➔ Private/internal motivation vs motivational influence (= social process in which one requests
that the other changes his/her behaviours/thoughts
antecedent conditions internal motives energized goal-directed and
persistent (motivated)
action
•external events •needs
•social contexts •cognition
•emotion
Needs serve the organism
- Generating wants/desires/striving → motivate behaviours → maintenance of life and
promotion of growth/well-being
- Generating a deep sense of need satisfaction from doing so
Cognition = mental events
Emotion = complex/coordinated reactions to the significant events in our lives
- Feeling = subjective verbal descriptions of emotional experiences
- Arousal = bodily mobilization to cope with situational demands
- Purpose = motivational urge to accomplish something specific at that moment
- Expression = non-verbal communication of our emotional experience to others
➔
Seven aspects of behaviour express the presence/intensity/quality of motivation
1. Effort
2. Persistence
3. Latency = time people wait to start after being given the opportunity
4. Choice
5. Probability of response
6. Facial expressions
7. Bodily gestures
3
, Engagement = how actively involved is a person in a task
➔ Four aspects determine extent of engagement
o Behaviour
▪ On-task
▪ Effort
▪ Persistence
o Emotion
▪ Presence of interest/enjoyment/enthusiasm
▪ Absence of distress/anger/anxiety/frustration
o Cognition
▪ Using sophisticated learning strategies
▪ Seeking conceptual understanding rather than surface knowledge
▪ Self-regulation (planning)
o Agency
▪ Contributing constructively to/changing the environment for the better
▪ Asking questions
▪ Expressing preferences
Psychological states produce changes in physiology
➔ Five expressions of motivation/emotion
o Hormonal activity
o Cardiovascular activity
o Ocular activity
o Electrodermal activity
o Skeletal activity
antecedent conditions internal motives energizing/directing/susta changes in life outcomes
ining
• external events • needs • behvaiour • performance
• social contexts • cognition • engagement • achievement
• emotion • psycho-physiology • learning
• brain activity • adjustment
• self-report • skill/talent
• well-being
Ten unifying themes
1. Motivation/emotion benefit adaptation/functioning
2. Motivation/emotion direct attention
3. Motivation/emotion are intervening variables (mediate between causes and effects)
4. Motives vary over time and influence the ongoing stream of behaviour
- Direct effect: antecedent cause → life/outcome effect
intervening
motivational
/emotional
state
antecedent life/outcome
cause effect
- Indirect/mediated effect:
5. Types of motivations exist
4
Motivatie en de Zelfsturende Mens
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1 – Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3
Hoofdstuk 2 – Motivation/Emotion in Historical Perspective ................................................................. 6
Hoofdstuk 4 – Physiological Needs ....................................................................................................... 10
Hoorcollege 1 – 5-9-2023 ...................................................................................................................... 16
Introductie......................................................................................................................................... 16
Psychologische Behoeften................................................................................................................. 16
Werkgroep 1 – 8-9-2023 ....................................................................................................................... 18
Hoofdstuk 3 – the Motivated and Emotional Brain .............................................................................. 19
Hoofdstuk 6 – Psychological Needs....................................................................................................... 25
Hoorcollege 2 – 12-9-2023 .................................................................................................................... 31
Psychologische Behoeften in Werk ................................................................................................... 31
Psychologische Behoeften in de Klinische Psychologie ..................................................................... 32
Hoorcollege 3 – 14-9-2023 .................................................................................................................... 37
Psychologische Behoeften binnen de Ontwikkelingspsychologie ..................................................... 37
Psychologische Behoeften binnen de Neuropsychologie ................................................................. 39
Hoofdstuk 5 – Extrinsic Motivation and Internalization........................................................................ 42
Hoofdstuk 8 – Goal Setting and Goal Striving ....................................................................................... 47
Ryan & Desi – Parenting and the Facilitation of Autonomy and Well-being in Development .............. 51
Kennisclip – Mindsets ........................................................................................................................... 55
Hoorcollege 4 – 19-9-2023 .................................................................................................................... 57
In- en Extrinsieke Motivatie .............................................................................................................. 57
Klinische Psychologie ........................................................................................................................ 59
Hoorcollege 5 – 21-9-2023 .................................................................................................................... 62
Extrinsieke Motivatie ........................................................................................................................ 62
Doelen: Waar Komen ze Vandaan? ................................................................................................... 64
Gunderson – Parent Praise to Toddlers Predicts Fourth Grade Academic Achievement via Children’s
Incremental Mindsets ........................................................................................................................... 66
Hoofdstuk 9 – Mindsets ........................................................................................................................ 67
Hoofdstuk 11 – the Self and its Strivings .............................................................................................. 71
Hoorcollege 6 – 26-9-2023 .................................................................................................................... 77
Doelen Stellen en Nastreven ............................................................................................................. 77
1
, Mindsets in Ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................. 78
Hoorcollege 7 – 28-9-2023 .................................................................................................................... 82
Hoofdstuk 12 – Nature of Emotion: Six Perennial Questions ............................................................... 86
Hoorcollege 8 – 3-10-2023 .................................................................................................................... 92
Emoties en Emotieregulatie .............................................................................................................. 92
Klinische Praktijk ............................................................................................................................... 96
Hoofdstuk 10 – Personal Control Beliefs ............................................................................................. 100
Hoorcollege 9 – 10-10-2023 ................................................................................................................ 105
Self and Self-concept....................................................................................................................... 105
Klinische Psychologie ...................................................................................................................... 107
Oefenvragen ........................................................................................................................................ 111
Zelftest questions (hoorcollege zes)................................................................................................ 111
Reproductievragen .......................................................................................................................... 111
Inzicht- en toepassingsvragen ......................................................................................................... 112
Oefenvragen – Antwoorden ................................................................................................................ 114
Zelftest questions (hoorcollege zes)................................................................................................ 114
Reproductievragen .......................................................................................................................... 114
Inzicht- en toepassingsvragen ......................................................................................................... 117
2
,Hoofdstuk 1 – Introduction
Motivation
= Wanting
➔ Approach vs avoidance
= Internal processes that give behaviour its
- Energy (strength)
- Direction (purpose)
- Persistence (endurance)
➔ Private/internal motivation vs motivational influence (= social process in which one requests
that the other changes his/her behaviours/thoughts
antecedent conditions internal motives energized goal-directed and
persistent (motivated)
action
•external events •needs
•social contexts •cognition
•emotion
Needs serve the organism
- Generating wants/desires/striving → motivate behaviours → maintenance of life and
promotion of growth/well-being
- Generating a deep sense of need satisfaction from doing so
Cognition = mental events
Emotion = complex/coordinated reactions to the significant events in our lives
- Feeling = subjective verbal descriptions of emotional experiences
- Arousal = bodily mobilization to cope with situational demands
- Purpose = motivational urge to accomplish something specific at that moment
- Expression = non-verbal communication of our emotional experience to others
➔
Seven aspects of behaviour express the presence/intensity/quality of motivation
1. Effort
2. Persistence
3. Latency = time people wait to start after being given the opportunity
4. Choice
5. Probability of response
6. Facial expressions
7. Bodily gestures
3
, Engagement = how actively involved is a person in a task
➔ Four aspects determine extent of engagement
o Behaviour
▪ On-task
▪ Effort
▪ Persistence
o Emotion
▪ Presence of interest/enjoyment/enthusiasm
▪ Absence of distress/anger/anxiety/frustration
o Cognition
▪ Using sophisticated learning strategies
▪ Seeking conceptual understanding rather than surface knowledge
▪ Self-regulation (planning)
o Agency
▪ Contributing constructively to/changing the environment for the better
▪ Asking questions
▪ Expressing preferences
Psychological states produce changes in physiology
➔ Five expressions of motivation/emotion
o Hormonal activity
o Cardiovascular activity
o Ocular activity
o Electrodermal activity
o Skeletal activity
antecedent conditions internal motives energizing/directing/susta changes in life outcomes
ining
• external events • needs • behvaiour • performance
• social contexts • cognition • engagement • achievement
• emotion • psycho-physiology • learning
• brain activity • adjustment
• self-report • skill/talent
• well-being
Ten unifying themes
1. Motivation/emotion benefit adaptation/functioning
2. Motivation/emotion direct attention
3. Motivation/emotion are intervening variables (mediate between causes and effects)
4. Motives vary over time and influence the ongoing stream of behaviour
- Direct effect: antecedent cause → life/outcome effect
intervening
motivational
/emotional
state
antecedent life/outcome
cause effect
- Indirect/mediated effect:
5. Types of motivations exist
4
