MERU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
P.O. Box 972-60200 – Meru-Kenya.
Tel: +254 (0)799529958, +254 (0)799529959, +254 (0)712524293
Website: www.must.ac.ke Email:
University Examinations 2020/2021
FIRST YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER SPECIAL/SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION FOR
THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CLINICAL MEDICINE AND
COMMUNITY HEALTH
CCM 3113: EMBRYOLOGY
DATE: APRIL 2022 TIME: 3 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. This examination consists of Three sections
2. Section one short answer questions
3. Section two long answer questions
4. Section three multiple choice questions
All questions are compulsory
SECTION ONE(SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (20MARKS)
1. Describe the process of spermiogenesis (5marks)
2. List 4 derivatives of the neuroectoderm (4marks)
3. Write short notes on twinning (5marks)
4. What are neural tube defects? List 2 types of NTDs and explain how they can be
prevented (6marks)
SECTION TWO (LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (30MARKS)
1. Describe the process of neurilation (7marks)
2. Describe in detail the formation of the digestive system (8marks)
3. Using clear illustrations explain the process of spermatogenesis (8marks)
4. Describe in detail the female menstrual cycle (7marks)
5. Discuss the different types of twinning (8marks)
SECTION THREE (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (20MARKS)
1. A 41 year old woman has a serum ‘triple screen’ performed that shows normal levels of
unconjugated estriol and human chorionic gonadotropin, but markedly increased
Meru University of Science & Technology is ISO 9001:2015 Certified
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, alphafetoprotein. Acetylcholinesterase is also increased. Fetal ultrasound at 18weeks
gestation shows diminished movement of lower extremities. Which of the following
abnormalities is most likely to be present in her fetus?
a) Arnold-Chiari malformation
b) Holoprosencephaly
c) Hydrocephalus
d) Microcephaly
e) Spina bifida
2. During embryonic development, neural crest cells migrate to the skin. These cells can
produce melanin from tyrosine. These cells may be destroyed in a patchy distribution by
an autoimmune process. What is the most likely condition to result from this autoimmune
process?
A Albinism
B Atrichia
C Ichthyosis
D Polythelia
E Vitiligo
3. A newborn infant born at term is noted to have clear fluid leaking from his umbilical
region. In contrast, there is minimal urine output via the penis onto the diapers The pH of
the leaking fluid is 6.5. Which of the following is the most likely abnormality in this boy?
a) Bladder exstrophy
b) Hypospadias
c) Omphalocele
d) Patent vitelline duct
e) Urachal sinus
4. A 24year old primigravida has felt no fetal movement at 16weeks gestation. A screening
fetal ultrasound shows anhydramnios and a single poorly formed lower extremity. An
abnormality involving which of the following structures most likely led to these findings?
A. Aorta
B. Dermis
C. Neural crest
D. Splanchnic mesoderm
E. Zone of proliferating activity
Meru University of Science & Technology is ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Foundation of Innovations Page 2
P.O. Box 972-60200 – Meru-Kenya.
Tel: +254 (0)799529958, +254 (0)799529959, +254 (0)712524293
Website: www.must.ac.ke Email:
University Examinations 2020/2021
FIRST YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER SPECIAL/SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION FOR
THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CLINICAL MEDICINE AND
COMMUNITY HEALTH
CCM 3113: EMBRYOLOGY
DATE: APRIL 2022 TIME: 3 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. This examination consists of Three sections
2. Section one short answer questions
3. Section two long answer questions
4. Section three multiple choice questions
All questions are compulsory
SECTION ONE(SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (20MARKS)
1. Describe the process of spermiogenesis (5marks)
2. List 4 derivatives of the neuroectoderm (4marks)
3. Write short notes on twinning (5marks)
4. What are neural tube defects? List 2 types of NTDs and explain how they can be
prevented (6marks)
SECTION TWO (LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (30MARKS)
1. Describe the process of neurilation (7marks)
2. Describe in detail the formation of the digestive system (8marks)
3. Using clear illustrations explain the process of spermatogenesis (8marks)
4. Describe in detail the female menstrual cycle (7marks)
5. Discuss the different types of twinning (8marks)
SECTION THREE (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (20MARKS)
1. A 41 year old woman has a serum ‘triple screen’ performed that shows normal levels of
unconjugated estriol and human chorionic gonadotropin, but markedly increased
Meru University of Science & Technology is ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Foundation of Innovations Page 1
, alphafetoprotein. Acetylcholinesterase is also increased. Fetal ultrasound at 18weeks
gestation shows diminished movement of lower extremities. Which of the following
abnormalities is most likely to be present in her fetus?
a) Arnold-Chiari malformation
b) Holoprosencephaly
c) Hydrocephalus
d) Microcephaly
e) Spina bifida
2. During embryonic development, neural crest cells migrate to the skin. These cells can
produce melanin from tyrosine. These cells may be destroyed in a patchy distribution by
an autoimmune process. What is the most likely condition to result from this autoimmune
process?
A Albinism
B Atrichia
C Ichthyosis
D Polythelia
E Vitiligo
3. A newborn infant born at term is noted to have clear fluid leaking from his umbilical
region. In contrast, there is minimal urine output via the penis onto the diapers The pH of
the leaking fluid is 6.5. Which of the following is the most likely abnormality in this boy?
a) Bladder exstrophy
b) Hypospadias
c) Omphalocele
d) Patent vitelline duct
e) Urachal sinus
4. A 24year old primigravida has felt no fetal movement at 16weeks gestation. A screening
fetal ultrasound shows anhydramnios and a single poorly formed lower extremity. An
abnormality involving which of the following structures most likely led to these findings?
A. Aorta
B. Dermis
C. Neural crest
D. Splanchnic mesoderm
E. Zone of proliferating activity
Meru University of Science & Technology is ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Foundation of Innovations Page 2
