1 – Artificial Intelligence: A modern approach (2010) – Russel & Norvig
- acting humanly: mimicking human behavior and responses, often through artificial
intelligence or robotics, to interact with humans in a way that is indistinguishable from how a
human would behave.
- to pass the Turing Test, a computer would need the following capabilities:
• natural language processing to communicate successfully in a human language
• knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears
• automated reasoning to answer questions and to draw new conclusions
• machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and detect and extrapolate patterns
- and to pass the Total Turing Test, these extra:
• computer vision and speech recognition to perceive the world
• robotics to manipulate objects and move around
- thinking humanly: creating systems that mimic the cognitive processes and thought patterns
of humans to perform tasks and make decisions
- we can learn about how humans think in three ways:
• introspection: trying to catch our own thoughts as they go by
• psychological experiments: observing a person in action
• brain imaging: observing the brain in action
- cognitive science: interdisciplinary study of replicating human-like cognitive processes, such
as perception, reasoning, and problem-solving, to create intelligent systems and enhance our
understanding of human intelligence
- thinking rationally: the process of reaching logical conclusions or making decisions based on
a set of well-defined rules or principles, often associated with deductive reasoning
• syllogism: patterns for argument structures that always give correct conclusions when
given correct premises (Socrates is a man…)
• theory of probability: allows the construction of a comprehensive model of rational
thought, leading from raw perceptual information to an understanding of how the world
works to predictions about the future
• logic: framework for reasoning, where propositions and their relationships are used to
derive valid conclusions and make sense of the world
• laws of thought approach: centers on formal logic and deductive reasoning as a basis
for creating intelligent systems that make decisions and draw conclusions in accordance
with established principles of truth preservation and consistency
, - acting rationally: making decisions or taking actions that are logically and optimally aligned
with achieving a specific goal or objective, regardless of whether they mimic human behavior
• agent: a computer program or system that perceives its environment, makes decisions
or takes actions to achieve goals, and learns from its experiences to improve its
performance over time
• rational agent: one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when there is
uncertainty, the best expected outcome
• standard model: agents that do the right thing
• limited rationality: acting appropriately when there is not enough time to do all the
computations one might like
- value alignment problem: the problem of achieving agreement between our true
preferences and the objective we put into the machine; the values or objectives put into the
machine must be aligned with those of the human
- Philosophy:
• dualism: the mind and the body are two separate things who operate independently
• materialism: all aspects of reality, including the mind and consciousness, can be
explained in terms of physical matter and its interactions (physicalism/naturalism)
• empiricism: knowledge is primarily gained through sensory experience and empirical
evidence, emphasizing observation and experimentation as the foundations of
understanding the world
• induction: drawing general conclusions based on specific observations or evidence,
often extending patterns or trends to make predictions about future events or instances
• logical positivism: the only meaningful statements are those that can be empirically
verified or are expressed in formal logic (combines rationalism and empiricism)
• confirmation theory: focuses on how evidence supports or confirms scientific
hypotheses, helping determine their validity and reliability
• utility: to capture the internal, subjective value of an outcome
• utilitarianism: rational decision making based on maximizing utility should apply to all
spheres of human activity
• consequentialism: what is right and wrong is determined by the expected outcomes of
an action
• deontological ethics: “doing the right thing” is determined not by outcomes but by
universal social laws that govern allowable actions (such as “don’t lie”)
- Mathematics:
• formal logic: approach to reasoning and argumentation, using precise rules and
symbols to analyze and draw conclusions from statements and propositions
• theory of probability: generalizing logic to situations with uncertain information
- acting humanly: mimicking human behavior and responses, often through artificial
intelligence or robotics, to interact with humans in a way that is indistinguishable from how a
human would behave.
- to pass the Turing Test, a computer would need the following capabilities:
• natural language processing to communicate successfully in a human language
• knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears
• automated reasoning to answer questions and to draw new conclusions
• machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and detect and extrapolate patterns
- and to pass the Total Turing Test, these extra:
• computer vision and speech recognition to perceive the world
• robotics to manipulate objects and move around
- thinking humanly: creating systems that mimic the cognitive processes and thought patterns
of humans to perform tasks and make decisions
- we can learn about how humans think in three ways:
• introspection: trying to catch our own thoughts as they go by
• psychological experiments: observing a person in action
• brain imaging: observing the brain in action
- cognitive science: interdisciplinary study of replicating human-like cognitive processes, such
as perception, reasoning, and problem-solving, to create intelligent systems and enhance our
understanding of human intelligence
- thinking rationally: the process of reaching logical conclusions or making decisions based on
a set of well-defined rules or principles, often associated with deductive reasoning
• syllogism: patterns for argument structures that always give correct conclusions when
given correct premises (Socrates is a man…)
• theory of probability: allows the construction of a comprehensive model of rational
thought, leading from raw perceptual information to an understanding of how the world
works to predictions about the future
• logic: framework for reasoning, where propositions and their relationships are used to
derive valid conclusions and make sense of the world
• laws of thought approach: centers on formal logic and deductive reasoning as a basis
for creating intelligent systems that make decisions and draw conclusions in accordance
with established principles of truth preservation and consistency
, - acting rationally: making decisions or taking actions that are logically and optimally aligned
with achieving a specific goal or objective, regardless of whether they mimic human behavior
• agent: a computer program or system that perceives its environment, makes decisions
or takes actions to achieve goals, and learns from its experiences to improve its
performance over time
• rational agent: one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when there is
uncertainty, the best expected outcome
• standard model: agents that do the right thing
• limited rationality: acting appropriately when there is not enough time to do all the
computations one might like
- value alignment problem: the problem of achieving agreement between our true
preferences and the objective we put into the machine; the values or objectives put into the
machine must be aligned with those of the human
- Philosophy:
• dualism: the mind and the body are two separate things who operate independently
• materialism: all aspects of reality, including the mind and consciousness, can be
explained in terms of physical matter and its interactions (physicalism/naturalism)
• empiricism: knowledge is primarily gained through sensory experience and empirical
evidence, emphasizing observation and experimentation as the foundations of
understanding the world
• induction: drawing general conclusions based on specific observations or evidence,
often extending patterns or trends to make predictions about future events or instances
• logical positivism: the only meaningful statements are those that can be empirically
verified or are expressed in formal logic (combines rationalism and empiricism)
• confirmation theory: focuses on how evidence supports or confirms scientific
hypotheses, helping determine their validity and reliability
• utility: to capture the internal, subjective value of an outcome
• utilitarianism: rational decision making based on maximizing utility should apply to all
spheres of human activity
• consequentialism: what is right and wrong is determined by the expected outcomes of
an action
• deontological ethics: “doing the right thing” is determined not by outcomes but by
universal social laws that govern allowable actions (such as “don’t lie”)
- Mathematics:
• formal logic: approach to reasoning and argumentation, using precise rules and
symbols to analyze and draw conclusions from statements and propositions
• theory of probability: generalizing logic to situations with uncertain information
