Spanish Summary
Inhoudsopgave
H1: Presente de indicativo regular ............................................................................................................... 3
H2: Presente de indicativo irregular (cambio de ortografía, diptongo, cierre de vocal) ................................... 3
Verbs ending in -ar and -er .................................................................................................................................. 3
e → ie .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
o → ue ............................................................................................................................................................. 4
Verbs ending in -ir ................................................................................................................................................ 4
e → ie .............................................................................................................................................................. 4
o → ue ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
e → i ................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Verbs ending in -uir .............................................................................................................................................. 5
H3: Ser – Estar – Hay – Tener ....................................................................................................................... 5
When is ser used? ................................................................................................................................................ 6
When is estar used? ............................................................................................................................................. 7
When is hay used? ............................................................................................................................................... 7
When is tener used? ............................................................................................................................................ 7
H8: Reflexive verbs ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Reflexive verbs and pronouns .............................................................................................................................. 8
The use of reflexive verbs ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Verbs that change meaning when used as reflexive verbs .................................................................................. 8
H20: Preterito Perfecto ............................................................................................................................... 9
Past participles ending in -ído and irregular past participles ............................................................................ 10
H17: Nouns and articles: sustantivos ......................................................................................................... 10
Masculine nouns ................................................................................................................................................ 10
Feminine nouns .................................................................................................................................................. 11
Other endings..................................................................................................................................................... 12
Other nouns and their gender............................................................................................................................ 13
Plural of nouns ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Definite articles – artículos definidos ................................................................................................................. 14
Lo, the neuter article .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Indefinite articles................................................................................................................................................ 15
H18: Adjectives: concordancia de género y número ................................................................................... 15
Gender and number of adjectives ...................................................................................................................... 15
H19: Pronombres personales: Direct Object (Objeto Directo) & Indirect Object (Objeto Indirecto) ............... 16
, Objeto Directo .................................................................................................................................................... 16
Objeto Indirecto ................................................................................................................................................. 16
H20: Gustar, encantar, interesar, doler, molestar ........................................................................................ 17
H21: Los Pronombres posesivos ................................................................................................................ 17
The short forms .................................................................................................................................................. 17
The long forms ................................................................................................................................................... 17
When are they used? ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Possessive pronouns (pronombres posesivos) ................................................................................................... 18
H22: Los pronombres demostrativos ......................................................................................................... 18
H23: The uses of para and por ................................................................................................................... 19
H24: Pronombres indefinidos .................................................................................................................... 20
Indefinite and negative words in Spanish .......................................................................................................... 20
When are they used? ......................................................................................................................................... 20
H26: Los Números .................................................................................................................................... 22
H25: Los interrogativos ............................................................................................................................. 23
Interrogative words in Spanish .......................................................................................................................... 23
Other uses of interrogative words and expressions ........................................................................................... 23
H26: El tiempo .......................................................................................................................................... 24
H27: Body parts: Cuerpo ........................................................................................................................... 25
2
, H1: Presente de indicativo regular
Estudiar Leer Escribir
Yo Estudio Leo Escribo
Tú Estudias Lees Escribes
Él, ella, usted Estudia Lee Escribe
Nosotros Estudiamos Leemos Escribimos
Vosotros Estudiáis Leéis Escribís
Ellos, ellas, ustedes Estudian Leen Escriben
H2: Presente de indicativo irregular (cambio de ortografía, diptongo,
cierre de vocal)
Verbs ending in -ar and -er
e → ie
*Remember that stem changes occur in all forms except the plural forms nosotros and
vosotros.
cerrar (to close) querer (to love; to want)
cierro cerramos quiero queremos
cierras cerráis quieres queréis
cierra cierran quiere quieren
following is a list of commonly used verbs that follow the pattern of cerrar and querer.
-ar -er
Acertar to guess defender to defend
Atravesar to cross (over) descender to descend
Comenzar to start/begin encender to light up
Confesar to confess entender to understand
Despertar(se) to wake up perder to lose/to miss
Empezar to start/begin
Encerrar to lock in/contain
Fregar to wash dishes
Gobernar to govern, rule
Helar to freeze
Negar to deny
Nevar to snow
Pensar to think
Recomendar to recommend
Remendar to mend
Sentar(se) to sit down
3
Inhoudsopgave
H1: Presente de indicativo regular ............................................................................................................... 3
H2: Presente de indicativo irregular (cambio de ortografía, diptongo, cierre de vocal) ................................... 3
Verbs ending in -ar and -er .................................................................................................................................. 3
e → ie .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
o → ue ............................................................................................................................................................. 4
Verbs ending in -ir ................................................................................................................................................ 4
e → ie .............................................................................................................................................................. 4
o → ue ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
e → i ................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Verbs ending in -uir .............................................................................................................................................. 5
H3: Ser – Estar – Hay – Tener ....................................................................................................................... 5
When is ser used? ................................................................................................................................................ 6
When is estar used? ............................................................................................................................................. 7
When is hay used? ............................................................................................................................................... 7
When is tener used? ............................................................................................................................................ 7
H8: Reflexive verbs ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Reflexive verbs and pronouns .............................................................................................................................. 8
The use of reflexive verbs ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Verbs that change meaning when used as reflexive verbs .................................................................................. 8
H20: Preterito Perfecto ............................................................................................................................... 9
Past participles ending in -ído and irregular past participles ............................................................................ 10
H17: Nouns and articles: sustantivos ......................................................................................................... 10
Masculine nouns ................................................................................................................................................ 10
Feminine nouns .................................................................................................................................................. 11
Other endings..................................................................................................................................................... 12
Other nouns and their gender............................................................................................................................ 13
Plural of nouns ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Definite articles – artículos definidos ................................................................................................................. 14
Lo, the neuter article .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Indefinite articles................................................................................................................................................ 15
H18: Adjectives: concordancia de género y número ................................................................................... 15
Gender and number of adjectives ...................................................................................................................... 15
H19: Pronombres personales: Direct Object (Objeto Directo) & Indirect Object (Objeto Indirecto) ............... 16
, Objeto Directo .................................................................................................................................................... 16
Objeto Indirecto ................................................................................................................................................. 16
H20: Gustar, encantar, interesar, doler, molestar ........................................................................................ 17
H21: Los Pronombres posesivos ................................................................................................................ 17
The short forms .................................................................................................................................................. 17
The long forms ................................................................................................................................................... 17
When are they used? ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Possessive pronouns (pronombres posesivos) ................................................................................................... 18
H22: Los pronombres demostrativos ......................................................................................................... 18
H23: The uses of para and por ................................................................................................................... 19
H24: Pronombres indefinidos .................................................................................................................... 20
Indefinite and negative words in Spanish .......................................................................................................... 20
When are they used? ......................................................................................................................................... 20
H26: Los Números .................................................................................................................................... 22
H25: Los interrogativos ............................................................................................................................. 23
Interrogative words in Spanish .......................................................................................................................... 23
Other uses of interrogative words and expressions ........................................................................................... 23
H26: El tiempo .......................................................................................................................................... 24
H27: Body parts: Cuerpo ........................................................................................................................... 25
2
, H1: Presente de indicativo regular
Estudiar Leer Escribir
Yo Estudio Leo Escribo
Tú Estudias Lees Escribes
Él, ella, usted Estudia Lee Escribe
Nosotros Estudiamos Leemos Escribimos
Vosotros Estudiáis Leéis Escribís
Ellos, ellas, ustedes Estudian Leen Escriben
H2: Presente de indicativo irregular (cambio de ortografía, diptongo,
cierre de vocal)
Verbs ending in -ar and -er
e → ie
*Remember that stem changes occur in all forms except the plural forms nosotros and
vosotros.
cerrar (to close) querer (to love; to want)
cierro cerramos quiero queremos
cierras cerráis quieres queréis
cierra cierran quiere quieren
following is a list of commonly used verbs that follow the pattern of cerrar and querer.
-ar -er
Acertar to guess defender to defend
Atravesar to cross (over) descender to descend
Comenzar to start/begin encender to light up
Confesar to confess entender to understand
Despertar(se) to wake up perder to lose/to miss
Empezar to start/begin
Encerrar to lock in/contain
Fregar to wash dishes
Gobernar to govern, rule
Helar to freeze
Negar to deny
Nevar to snow
Pensar to think
Recomendar to recommend
Remendar to mend
Sentar(se) to sit down
3
