Test Bank For Community Nutrition in Action An Entrepreneurial Approach 7th Edition Boyle

True / False 1. An intervention is a health promotion activity aimed at changing the behavior of a target population. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Introduction LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 2. Knowing the factors that affect consumers’ food choices tells us how consumers make their decisions. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 3. Behavior change theories provide evidence-based methods that are not empirically tested. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 4. Motivational interviewing targets changes in attitudes and beliefs. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.4 - Describe motivational interviewing as a style of counseling. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 5. The incorporation of behavior change theories into program planning is not critical to the nutrition care process. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 6. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene’s television ad campaign, “Are You Pouring on the Pounds?” is an example of a social marketing campaign. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 7. Nutrition counseling is usually conducted one-on-one, whereas nutrition education, by definition, cannot be conducted in this manner. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 8. The diffusion of innovation model addresses the process by which people adopt new ideas and behaviors. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.7 - Define the stages involved in the innovation decision process. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 9. The transtheoretical model describes an individual’s motivation and readiness for change. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.2 - Describe the stages of the transtheoretical model and identify appropriate intervention strategies for each stage. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 10. The stages of change model assumes that individuals will pass through each stage in a linear fashion. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.2 - Describe the stages of the transtheoretical model and identify appropriate intervention strategies for each stage. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 11. The stages of change model can only be applied at the individual level and is not appropriate for community-based interventions. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.2 - Describe the stages of the transtheoretical model and identify appropriate intervention strategies for each stage. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 12. In motivational interviewing, the counselor takes the lead in the counseling session and directs the client by providing information and suggesting “fixes.” a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.4 - Describe motivational interviewing as a style of counseling. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 13. The health belief model was developed as a way to explain why people in high-risk groups failed to participate in programs designed to detect or prevent disease. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 14. Self-efficacy is the determination to act in a certain way. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.5 - Discuss the role of self-efficacy in making and maintaining health behavior changes. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 15. The belief that one can successfully change behavior is known as self-efficacy. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.5 - Discuss the role of self-efficacy in making and maintaining health behavior changes. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 16. A subjective norm is the perceived social pressure to perform or not perform a behavior. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 17. Frequently, practitioners incorporate concepts from more than one theory into an intervention design. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 18. In social cognitive theory, the environment refers exclusively to the physical realm (e.g., the workplace, the layout of the kitchen, etc.). a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 19. Cognitive-behavioral theory is highly process-oriented and goal-directed. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Programs in Action: EatFit Intervention Program LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.6 - Identify counseling strategies used in cognitive behavioral therapy. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 20. Cognitive-behavioral theory is best applied when people are actively ready to make a change. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Programs in Action: EatFit Intervention Program LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.6 - Identify counseling strategies used in cognitive behavioral therapy. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 21. The diffusion of innovation model attempts to explain how a product or idea becomes accepted by a majority of consumers. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Programs in Action: EatFit Intervention Program LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.7 - Define the stages involved in the innovation decision process. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 22. An innovator typically perceives himself as popular and is financially privileged. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Programs in Action: EatFit Intervention Program LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.7 - Define the stages involved in the innovation decision process. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 23. According to the transtheoretical model, when an individual is thinking about making a change by weighing the risks of benefits of the change, he or she is in the preparation stage. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.2 - Describe the stages of the transtheoretical model and identify appropriate intervention strategies for each stage. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 24. Providing tailored self-help materials is a recommended intervention strategy for the action stage of change of the transtheoretical model. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.2 - Describe the stages of the transtheoretical model and identify appropriate intervention strategies for each stage. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 25. Motivational interviewing is a style of counseling in which the nutrition counselor is considered the “lifestyle expert”. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.4 - Describe motivational interviewing as a style of counseling. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 26. Despite dietary recommendations published by the American Cancer Society in 2006 to lower cancer risks, Americans still have saturated fat intakes above the recommended level. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 27. The health belief model is a fundamental model used for explaining social influence and for describing virtually any health behavior over which the individual has control. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 28. Social-cognitive theory was developed to explain how people acquire and maintain certain behaviors. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 29. The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) Research Group showed that lifestyle intervention based on cognitive-behavioral theory was significantly more effective than drug therapy at reducing the incidence of diabetes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: Programs in Action: EatFit Intervention Program LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.6 - Identify counseling strategies used in cognitive behavioral therapy. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 30. In the decision stage of the diffusion of innovation model, an individual forms an attitude either in favor of or against an innovation. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: Programs in Action: EatFit Intervention Program LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.7 - Define the stages involved in the innovation decision process. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand Multiple Choice 31. The formal process to instruct or train individuals in a skill to facilitate voluntary adoption of nutrition-related behaviors to improve or maintain health is known as ____. a. nutrition education b. nutrition counseling c. social marketing d. motivational counseling ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 32. Which behavior change approach characterizes individuals as early adopters or laggards? a. diffusion of innovation model b. health belief model c. social cognitive theory d. cognitive behavioral theory ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 33. In which approach are self-defined behavior change goals especially important? a. health belief model b. diffusion of innovation model c. theory of trying d. motivational interviewing ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 34. The focus of the ____ is that people and their environment interact continuously, each influencing the other. a. health belief model b. stages of change model c. social cognitive theory d. theory of trying ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 35. According to the transtheoretical model, individuals are in the ____ stage when they have incorporated a behavior change into their daily routine and sustained it for six months or longer. a. precontemplation b. preparation c. action d. maintenance ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.2 - Describe the stages of the transtheoretical model and identify appropriate intervention strategies for each stage. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 36. Which model of behavior change was developed by Prochaska and DiClemente? a. health belief model b. transtheoretical model c. diffusion of innovation d. theory of planned behavior ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.2 - Describe the stages of the transtheoretical model and identify appropriate intervention strategies for each stage. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 37. According to the transtheoretical model, when an individual actively decides to change and plans a change that will usually take place within one month, he or she is in the ____ stage. a. precontemplation b. contemplation c. preparation d. action ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.2 - Describe the stages of the transtheoretical model and identify appropriate intervention strategies for each stage. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 38. Which intervention strategy is most appropriate for someone in the precontemplation stage of change? a. encouraging a support network b. coaching on preparation for high-risk situations c. facilitating the development of an action plan d. exploring ambivalence about change ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.2 - Describe the stages of the transtheoretical model and identify appropriate intervention strategies for each stage. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 39. The transtheoretical model is also referred to as the ____. a. diffusion of innovation model b. stages of change model c. theory of reasoned action d. health belief model ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.2 - Describe the stages of the transtheoretical model and identify appropriate intervention strategies for each stage. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 40. Which intervention strategy is most appropriate for an individual with hypertension who is in the preparation stage? a. attending a health fair to learn more about hypertension b. acknowledging that he has hypertension c. setting small, specific, realistic goals d. actively preparing foods that are lower in salt and sodium ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.2 - Describe the stages of the transtheoretical model and identify appropriate intervention strategies for each stage. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 41. Motivational interviewing ____. a. is a counselor-focused technique utilized by many health educators b. was developed by dietitians to determine why consumers don’t eat more healthful diets c. is designed to help clients build commitment and reach a decision to change d. conceptualizes relapse as a way to grow and mature ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.4 - Describe motivational interviewing as a style of counseling. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 42. When a counselor utilizes motivational interviewing, promoting self-efficacy ____. a. helps the counselor to listen with empathy b. empowers the client by encouraging hope and optimism c. is used only in the final stages of the intervention strategy d. reminds the client that only he or she is responsible ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.4 - Describe motivational interviewing as a style of counseling. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 43. The belief that one can successfully make a behavior change is known as ____. a. behavioral capacity b. expectation c. self-efficacy d. a subjective norm ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.5 - Discuss the role of self-efficacy in making and maintaining health behavior changes. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 44. The belief that one can lose weight, a key tenet of weight loss, is viewed as an indication of ____ in the health belief model. a. self-efficacy b. perceived susceptibility c. perceived severity d. cue to action ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.5 - Discuss the role of self-efficacy in making and maintaining health behavior changes. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 45. The health belief model conceptualizes an individual’s ____ as having two dimensions. a. intention to change b. perception of threats c. past attempts at trying d. self-actualization needs ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 46. Which theory of consumer health behavior was developed by social psychologists as a means of explaining why people in high-risk groups failed to participate in programs designed to detect or prevent disease? a. stages of change model b. social learning theory c. health belief model d. motivational interviewing ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 47. The health belief model ____. a. is of limited value for primary prevention activities b. is applicable only to a select, limited number of health behaviors c. cannot be utilized until a program is in its implementation phase d. is only applicable for programs designed for individuals and not communities ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 48. The theory of planned behavior is also referred to as the ____. a. diffusion of innovation model b. health belief model c. social cognitive theory d. theory of reasoned action ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 49. Which theory asserts that behaviors are determined by a person’s intentions to behave in certain ways which are, in turn, influenced by past experiences with those behaviors? a. diffusion of innovation b. stages of change c. theory of reasoned action d. theory of trying ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 50. Increasing calcium intakes in people aged 2 years and older is an objective of ____. a. Get Fit Now b. Healthy People 2020 c. Pathways to Change d. EatFit Intervention Program ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 51. In the theory of planned behavior, social pressure from others to perform or not to perform a behavior is referred to as ____. a. personal intention b. cues to action c. perceived susceptibility d. subjective norms ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 52. In the social cognitive theory, responses to a person’s behavior that increase or decrease the likelihood of recurrence are called ____. a. expectations b. self-regulations c. reinforcements d. self-efficacy ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 53. In social cognitive theory, a person’s beliefs about the likely outcomes or results of a behavior are called ____. a. expectations b. capabilities c. reinforcements d. self-efficacy ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 54. In the phenomenon of ____, individuals acquire a new behavior by watching others model it. a. expectations b. observational learning c. reinforcement d. behavioral capacity ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 55. According to social cognitive theory, approaching behavior change in small steps that enhance the person’s self-confidence will facilitate the development of ____. a. expectations b. observational learning c. reinforcement d. self-efficacy ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 56. Albert Bandura formulated many of the major concepts of the ____. a. diffusion of innovation model b. health belief model c. social cognitive theory d. stages of change model ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 57. A strength of social cognitive theory is that it focuses on ____. a. target behaviors b. attitudes c. knowledge d. emotions ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 58. Cognitive-behavioral theory is best applied when people are ____. a. not yet ready to make a change b. almost ready to make a change c. actively ready to make a change d. already changing the targeted behavior ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Programs in Action: EatFit Intervention Program LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.6 - Identify counseling strategies used in cognitive behavioral therapy. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 59. In cognitive-behavioral theory, encouraging an individual to replace negative self-talk is a type of ____. a. goal setting b. problem solving c. stimulus control d. cognitive restructuring ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Programs in Action: EatFit Intervention Program LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.6 - Identify counseling strategies used in cognitive behavioral therapy. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 60. By examining the relationship between an individual’s beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior, the theory of reasoned action explains behavior at the ____ level. a. intrapersonal b. interpersonal c. community d. societal ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Programs in Action: Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Health Education LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 61. According to the diffusion of innovation model, when an individual is aware of an innovation and has acquired some information about it, he or she is in the ____ stage. a. knowledge b. persuasion c. decision d. confirmation ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Programs in Action: EatFit Intervention Program LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.7 - Define the stages involved in the innovation decision process. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 62. ____ comprise the category of people that adopt an innovation readily, usually without input from significant others. a. Early adopters b. Innovators c. Early majority d. Laggards ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Programs in Action: EatFit Intervention Program LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.7 - Define the stages involved in the innovation decision process. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 63. In which category are opinion leaders often found? a. early adopters b. early majority c. laggards d. innovators ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Programs in Action: EatFit Intervention Program LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.7 - Define the stages involved in the innovation decision process. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 64. The process of testing and assessing certain elements of a program before it is implemented fully is called ____ evaluation. a. outcome b. input c. formative d. strategic ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Put It All Together: Case Study 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 65. Incentive programs and specific how-to education are part of the ____ component of the health belief model. a. perceived benefits b. perceived susceptibility c. cues to action d. self-efficacy ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 66. In the health belief model, a person explores the pros and cons of a behavior change in the ____ component. a. cue to action b. self-efficacy c. perceived severity d. perceived benefits ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 67. Understanding factors influencing women’s breastfeeding practices by exploring attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls is an application of the ____. a. theory of planned behavior b. transtheoretical model c. cognitive-behavioral theory d. diffusion of innovation model ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 68. The dynamic interaction of the person, the behavior, and the environment in which the behavior is performed is referred to as ____. a. self-regulation b. reciprocal determinism c. behavioral capability d. self-efficacy ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 69. Self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and self-regulation, which are three of the major constructs of the ____, were applied in the development, implementation, and evaluation of the EatFit intervention program for young teens. a. transtheoretical model b. health belief model c. social-cognitive theory d. theory of planned behavior ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 70. A determination to act in a particular way is called a(n) ____. a. modified attitude b. subjective norm c. intention d. expectation ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand Matching Match the term in the right column with its correct description in the left column. Options will be used only once. a. attitude b. behavior c. cognitions d. intention e. self-efficacy f. subjective norm REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 71. Perceived social pressure to perform or not perform a behavior ANSWER: f 72. Response of an individual to his or her environment ANSWER: b 73. Knowledge and awareness we have of our environment and the judgments we make related to it ANSWER: c 74. Positive or negative evaluation of performing a behavior ANSWER: a 75. Belief that one can make a behavior changeA determination to act in a certain way ANSWER: e 76. A determination to act in a certain way ANSWER: d Match the descriptions of the behavior change theories in the left column with the name of the theory in the right column. Options will be used only once. a. health belief model b. social cognitive theory c. theory of planned behavior d. diffusion of innovation model e. transtheoretical model REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 77. Focuses on the process by which an idea or behavior spreads throughout a population ANSWER: d 78. Proposes that before adopting a new health behavior an individual considers his vulnerability to the problem, the seriousness of the problem, and the effectiveness of the new behavior for reducing the risk or preventing the problem ANSWER: a 79. Emphasizes that people and their environment interact continuously, each influencing the other ANSWER: b 80. Considers an individual’s intention to change behavior to be determined by both personal attitudes and subjective norms ANSWER: c 81. Assumes that new behavior change involves a series of different steps through which people must move ANSWER: e Match the descriptions of the stages of the diffusion innovation model in the left column with the name of the stage in the right column. Options will be used only once. a. knowledge b. persuasion c. decision d. confirmation REFERENCES: Programs in Action: EatFit Intervention Program LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.7 - Define the stages involved in the innovation decision process. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 82. The individual forms an attitude either in favor of or against the innovation. ANSWER: b 83. The individual performs activities that lead to either adopting or rejecting the innovation. ANSWER: c 84. The individual is aware of the innovation and has acquired some information about it. ANSWER: a 85. The individual looks for reinforcement for his or her decision and may change it if exposed to counter-reinforcing messages ANSWER: d Match the descriptions of the stages of the transtheoretical model in the left column with the name of the stage in the right column. Options will be used only once. a. precontemplation b. contemplation c. preparation d. action e. maintenance REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.2 - Describe the stages of the transtheoretical model and identify appropriate intervention strategies for each stage. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 86. The individual actively decides to change and plans a change, usually within one month. ANSWER: c 87. The individual has sustained the change for six months or longer; the changed behavior has become part of his or her daily routine. ANSWER: e 88. The individual is either unaware of or not interested in making a change. ANSWER: a 89. The individual has started making changes in his or her environment to support the changed behavior. ANSWER: d 90. The individual is thinking about making a change and may be weighing the risks and benefits of changing a behavior. ANSWER: b Subjective Short Answer 91. Define motivational interviewing. How is it a useful practice in community nutrition? ANSWER: Motivational interviewing is a directive, client-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence to change. It is a useful practice in that it shifts the focus of the counseling from the counselor to the client. It actively facilitates the client’s exploration and resolution of his/her uncertainty about change, builds his/her confidence, and enhances commitment to change. REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.4 - Describe motivational interviewing as a style of counseling. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 92. Compare and contrast intentions and subjective norms as defined within the theory of planned behavior. ANSWER: Intentions are the “instructions people give to themselves to behave in certain ways” or the determination to act in a certain way. In forming intentions, people tend to consider the outcome of their behavior and the opinion of significant others before acting (perceived social pressure). The subjective norm is the perceived social pressure to perform or not perform the behavior. REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 93. What is the concept of reciprocal determinism and in which behavior change theory is it incorporated? ANSWER: Reciprocal determinism is the dynamic interaction among the person, behavior, and the environment in which the behavior is performed. It implies that a change in one area has implications for the others. Reciprocal determinism is a key concept of social cognitive theory. REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 94. What are some of the counseling strategies utilized within the cognitive-behavioral theory? ANSWER: Some of the strategies utilized include goal setting, self-monitoring, problem solving, social support, stress management, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, relapse prevention, rewards, and contingency management. REFERENCES: Programs in Action: EatFit Intervention Program LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.6 - Identify counseling strategies used in cognitive behavioral therapy. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 95. According to the diffusion of innovation model, how does a behavior change unfold in a population? What is a key factor that influences the speed of diffusion of a behavior change? ANSWER: Innovations spread throughout a population largely by word of mouth. The speed of diffusion is a function, in part, of the number of people who adopt the innovation. REFERENCES: Programs in Action: EatFit Intervention Program LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.7 - Define the stages involved in the innovation decision process. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand Essay 96. Briefly describe the four general principles that guide motivational interviewing. ANSWER: The four general principles that guide motivational interviewing include: • Resist. Resist the urge to confront the client about the need to change. • Understand. Proceed in a non-judgmental way that evokes and explores the client’s own perceptions about his/her current situation and own motivations for change. • Listen. Express empathy; use reflective listening skills by paraphrasing what the client says to determine the meaning of his/her statements. • Empower. Support self-efficacy by exploring how he/she can make a difference in his/her own health using the client’s own ideas and resources. REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.4 - Describe motivational interviewing as a style of counseling. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 97. Based on the health belief model, discuss three factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior. ANSWER: Factors that might influence an individual’s intention to change include: • Perceived susceptibility to contracting a disease, such as heart disease, diabetes, or cancer • Perceived severity of the disease state, such as to what degree the disease will impact his/her life, physically, socially, and emotionally • Perceived benefits and barriers to adopting a lifestyle that would lessen the impact of the disease • Self-efficacy, or the belief that one can make the necessary change to lessen health risk REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 98. Apply the theory of planned behavior to a pregnant mother deciding on whether or not to breastfeed her newborn infant. ANSWER: The theory of planned behavior predicts a person’s intention to perform a behavior in a well-defined setting. According to this theory, behavior is determined directly by a person’s intention to perform the behavior as well as the thoughts of significant others in his/her life. If the pregnant mother views breastfeeding as positive for her and/or her child, the significant others in her life (child’s father, grandparents, close friends and family) view breastfeeding positively, and she believes that she can successfully breastfeed her child, then the intention, and the chance that she will breastfeed, are higher. Conversely, if the pregnant mother and/or her significant others view breastfeeding negatively and/or she doesn’t believe that she can breastfeed successfully, then her decision might be to bottle feed her infant. REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 99. Intentions and subjective norms help to define the theory of planned behavior. What are intentions and subjective norms? Provide an example of how they might be used to predict a future nutritional behavior. ANSWER: Intentions are the instructions people give to themselves to behave in certain ways. They are scripts for future behaviors. Subjective norms are the perceived social pressures to perform or not perform a behavior. Examples will vary greatly, but should point out that an individual’s intentions are strengthened when the subjective norms originating from the person’s significant others agree with those intentions. REFERENCES: Draw from Current Research on Consumer Behavior LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.3 - Identify factors that influence an individual’s intention to change a health behavior, based on the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 100. List and explain four techniques to use during a presentation to ensure you give an effective presentation. ANSWER: Answers should include four of the six techniques listed here: • Smile. A smile will go a long way toward helping you relax and making you appear accessible to your audience. This is especially important when dealing with the general public. • Use eye contact. Regardless of the size of the audience, select one person with whom to establish eye contact. Let your eyes dwell on this one individual a few moments, and then move on to another person. This gives the appearance of a one-on-one interactive discussion, which engages the audience in your presentation and helps ensure that they are listening to you. • Use gestures. Gestures give energy to your presentation and provide additional emphasis for key points. Practice making them during your rehearsals. Exercise a little common sense here—wild arm movements and pirouettes will detract from your presentation. • Control the pace. Although maintaining a steady pace will ensure that you complete your speech on time, it may make your audience sleepy. Vary the pace to keep the audience interested in what you are saying. • Use pauses. Pauses, like gestures, can be used for emphasis. A well-timed pause keeps your audience engaged and allows them a moment to process what you’ve just said. • Vary the volume and pitch. Changing the volume and pitch of your voice has more auditory appeal for the audience than speaking in a monotone. REFERENCES: Professional Focus: Being an Effective Speaker LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CNIA.BOYL.17.3.1 - Compare and contrast various behavior change theories and strategies. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply