Motivatie en zelfsturende mens
Reeve, J.. Understanding motivation and emotion
(7th edition).
ISBN 9781119510260.
Leerdoelen:
1. Inzichten uit verschillende psychologische invalshoeken gebruiken en naast elkaar leggen
om maatschappelijk relevante vraagstukken met betrekking tot motivatie en zelfsturend
gedrag te analyseren.
2. De belangrijkste vragen, theorieën en bevindingen met betrekking tot motivatie en
zelfsturend gedrag (zoals behandeld in de literatuur) op een kritische wijze onderscheiden.
3. Begrijpen hoe deze kennis in onderzoek en praktijk wordt gebruikt om adaptief en
maladaptief gedrag te begrijpen, bij te sturen en te behandelen.
4. Inzichten uit de verschillende invalshoeken toepassen op een maatschappelijk vraagstuk en
deze combineren in wetenschappelijk onderbouwde en maatschappelijk relevante
aanbevelingen, dit communiceren naar een algemeen publiek, en reflecteren op de
meerwaarde van de gebruikte multidisciplinaire aanpak.
Inhoud
H1 - introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2
H2 – historical perspective ...................................................................................................................... 4
H4 – Physiological needs ......................................................................................................................... 5
H6 – psychological needs ........................................................................................................................ 6
H5 – extrinsic motivation and internalization ......................................................................................... 8
H8 – goal setting and goal striving ........................................................................................................ 10
H9 – mindsets ........................................................................................................................................ 12
H11 – the self and its striving ................................................................................................................ 14
H10 – personal control beliefs .............................................................................................................. 16
H12 – nature of emotion ....................................................................................................................... 19
,H1 - introduction
Types of motivation:
- Intrinsic - Value - Opponent process
- Flow (in the flow) - Possible self - Positive affect
- External regulation (inspiration) - Introjection
(forced to do so) - Achievement - Personal control
- Goal - Competence - Relatedness
Study of motivation separates into two different questions:
1. what causes behaviour?
a. Why does behaviour start? Why does is sustain? Why is directed towards
something? Why does is change direction? Why does is stop?
2. why does behaviour vary in its intensity?
Types of needs: Types of cognition: Types of emotions:
- Physiological (to - Plans and goals - Feelings
live) - Mindsets - Arousal
- Psychological (to - Beliefs and - Purpose
satisfy) expectations - expression
- Implicit - The self
,the following items show expressions of
emotions and motivation:
- effort (doing something)
- persistence
- latency (time until a person
starts)
- choice
- probability to response
- facial expression
- bodily gestures
engagement is interrelated to behaviour,
emotional, cognitive and agency
engagement.
Physiological there are also some changes, like hormonal change, cardiovascular activity,
ocular activity, electrodermal activity and skeletal activity (facial).
10 assumptions:
1. Motivation & Emotions benefit adaptation and functioning
2. Motivation & Emotions direct attention
a. Interest to do something, pain avoidance, rest, achieve something, fulfil
physiological need.
3. Motivation & Emotions are intervening variables
4. Motivation varies over time and influences
5. Types of motivations exist.
6. Some motivation is implicit.
7. Motivation needs supportive conditions
8. Motivation reveals what people want
9. Motivating others, isn’t the easy way that works
10. Good theory
, H2 – historical perspective
First the Grand theories of motivation were based on:
(1) will - resulted in more questions than answers
(2) Instinct
(3) Drive – Freud - Source (bodily reaction) → impetus (intensity of bodily reaction grows
and reaches consciousness) → object (reduce anxiety and satisfy) → aim (
Hull theory – strength of behaviour = habit strength X drive X externals factors
E=HXDXR
Critics on Freud’s drive:
- Some motives don’t have a corresponding biological need (i.e. anorexia)
- External factors can also energize motivation
- Learning often occurs without drive reduction
Then there came mini theories about particular motivations/situations.
The abandoning of grand theories and acceptance of mini-theories resulted from:
- Active nature of the person
o Focus on active organism and not so much on tension reduction, homeostasis
and equilibrium
- Cognitive revolution
o From biological- and physiological focused to cognitive focused
▪ Motivation becomes centre stage
▪ Emphasis on internal processes
▪ More human than mechanical reasoning
- Socially relevant questions
Kuhn: Preparadigmatic →paradigmatic→crisis & Revolution → new paradigm
Reeve, J.. Understanding motivation and emotion
(7th edition).
ISBN 9781119510260.
Leerdoelen:
1. Inzichten uit verschillende psychologische invalshoeken gebruiken en naast elkaar leggen
om maatschappelijk relevante vraagstukken met betrekking tot motivatie en zelfsturend
gedrag te analyseren.
2. De belangrijkste vragen, theorieën en bevindingen met betrekking tot motivatie en
zelfsturend gedrag (zoals behandeld in de literatuur) op een kritische wijze onderscheiden.
3. Begrijpen hoe deze kennis in onderzoek en praktijk wordt gebruikt om adaptief en
maladaptief gedrag te begrijpen, bij te sturen en te behandelen.
4. Inzichten uit de verschillende invalshoeken toepassen op een maatschappelijk vraagstuk en
deze combineren in wetenschappelijk onderbouwde en maatschappelijk relevante
aanbevelingen, dit communiceren naar een algemeen publiek, en reflecteren op de
meerwaarde van de gebruikte multidisciplinaire aanpak.
Inhoud
H1 - introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2
H2 – historical perspective ...................................................................................................................... 4
H4 – Physiological needs ......................................................................................................................... 5
H6 – psychological needs ........................................................................................................................ 6
H5 – extrinsic motivation and internalization ......................................................................................... 8
H8 – goal setting and goal striving ........................................................................................................ 10
H9 – mindsets ........................................................................................................................................ 12
H11 – the self and its striving ................................................................................................................ 14
H10 – personal control beliefs .............................................................................................................. 16
H12 – nature of emotion ....................................................................................................................... 19
,H1 - introduction
Types of motivation:
- Intrinsic - Value - Opponent process
- Flow (in the flow) - Possible self - Positive affect
- External regulation (inspiration) - Introjection
(forced to do so) - Achievement - Personal control
- Goal - Competence - Relatedness
Study of motivation separates into two different questions:
1. what causes behaviour?
a. Why does behaviour start? Why does is sustain? Why is directed towards
something? Why does is change direction? Why does is stop?
2. why does behaviour vary in its intensity?
Types of needs: Types of cognition: Types of emotions:
- Physiological (to - Plans and goals - Feelings
live) - Mindsets - Arousal
- Psychological (to - Beliefs and - Purpose
satisfy) expectations - expression
- Implicit - The self
,the following items show expressions of
emotions and motivation:
- effort (doing something)
- persistence
- latency (time until a person
starts)
- choice
- probability to response
- facial expression
- bodily gestures
engagement is interrelated to behaviour,
emotional, cognitive and agency
engagement.
Physiological there are also some changes, like hormonal change, cardiovascular activity,
ocular activity, electrodermal activity and skeletal activity (facial).
10 assumptions:
1. Motivation & Emotions benefit adaptation and functioning
2. Motivation & Emotions direct attention
a. Interest to do something, pain avoidance, rest, achieve something, fulfil
physiological need.
3. Motivation & Emotions are intervening variables
4. Motivation varies over time and influences
5. Types of motivations exist.
6. Some motivation is implicit.
7. Motivation needs supportive conditions
8. Motivation reveals what people want
9. Motivating others, isn’t the easy way that works
10. Good theory
, H2 – historical perspective
First the Grand theories of motivation were based on:
(1) will - resulted in more questions than answers
(2) Instinct
(3) Drive – Freud - Source (bodily reaction) → impetus (intensity of bodily reaction grows
and reaches consciousness) → object (reduce anxiety and satisfy) → aim (
Hull theory – strength of behaviour = habit strength X drive X externals factors
E=HXDXR
Critics on Freud’s drive:
- Some motives don’t have a corresponding biological need (i.e. anorexia)
- External factors can also energize motivation
- Learning often occurs without drive reduction
Then there came mini theories about particular motivations/situations.
The abandoning of grand theories and acceptance of mini-theories resulted from:
- Active nature of the person
o Focus on active organism and not so much on tension reduction, homeostasis
and equilibrium
- Cognitive revolution
o From biological- and physiological focused to cognitive focused
▪ Motivation becomes centre stage
▪ Emphasis on internal processes
▪ More human than mechanical reasoning
- Socially relevant questions
Kuhn: Preparadigmatic →paradigmatic→crisis & Revolution → new paradigm
