Case 1-13 (all cases)

Case 1: What’s in your favorite snack?

What are the different types of fat and sugar?
Fats:
 Come in triglycerides: 1 glycerol-molecule and 3 fatty acids
o Fatty acids consist of a long chain of C-molecules (between 16-20)
o Saturated: only single bonds between C-molecules
o Unsaturated: at least one double bond between C-molecules
 Monounsaturated: one double bond between C-molecules
 Polyunsaturated: multiple double bonds between C-molecules
 Omega-3 fatty acids
 Omega-6 fatty acids
o Trans fats: unsaturated fats that are synthesized to be solid by room
temperature
 Phospholipids: type of fat with a hydrophile top and a hydrophobic tail
 Steroids: type of fat used as hormones
Sugars:
 Monosaccharides: most simple form of sugar and the building blocks for all
carbohydrates
o Aldoses: aldehyde group
 D-glyceraldehyde: most simple monosaccharide (aldose)
 D-glucose: most common and import monosaccharide
o Ketoses: keto group
 Dihydroxyacetone: most simple monosaccharide (ketose)
 Disaccharides: type of sugar which consists of 2 monosaccharides
o Maltose
o Cellobiose
 Oligosaccharides: type of sugar which consists of a few monosaccharides
o Trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides, etc.
 Polysaccharides: type of sugar which consists of many monosaccharides
o Amylose
o Cellulose
o Glycogen



How can we categorize different types of fat and sugar?
Fats:
 Triglycerides
o Saturated fats
o Unsaturated fats
o Trans fats
 Lipids
o Phospholipids
o Steroids

,Sugars:
 Monosaccharides
 Disaccharides
 Oligosaccharides
 Polysaccharides
Categorized by health
Fats:
 Healthy: unsaturated fats (oils)
o Essential, without those fats your body can’t function properly
o Omega-3 fatty acids
 Help prevent and treat heart disease and stroke
 Increase HDL-cholesterol
 Lowers triglycerides
o Omega-6 fatty acids
 Protect against heart diseases
 Unhealthy: saturated and trans fats (solid fats)
o Saturated fats:
 Build up both HDL-cholesterol (good) LDL-cholesterol (bad) in your
arteries which increases the risk of heart diseases and stroke
o Trans fats:
 Build up LDL-cholesterol and reduce the amount of HDL-cholesterol
 Create inflammation, which is linked to heart diseases and stroke
 Contribute to insulin resistance, which increases the risk of developing
type 2 diabetes

What are the different structures of fat and sugar?
Fats:
 Triglycerides




 Saturated fats

, Unsaturated fats




 Trans fats
 Phospholipids




 Steroids

, Sugars:
 Monosaccharides
 Disaccharides
 Polysaccharides




What is the function of fat and sugar in the body?
Fats:
 Triglycerides are especially used for energy (ATP), it can be broken down directly
after consumed or it can be stored inside cells in blobs called lipid droplets
 Phospholipids are used as structural components of the cell membrane or as
hormones
Sugars:
 Sugar can be broken down to use its energy
 It can be assimilated into fats or proteins to build up muscles or to store inside lipid
droplets
o Also building blocks for hormones and cell membranes
 Sugar is an important building block of DNA, so it is used to copy DNA during mitosis,
or to form RNA (ribose sugar)

How is sugar broken down / what are the main products used by the body?
 Sugar (glucose) is broken down in several steps. 1 molecule of sugar needs 6
molecules of O2 to form 6 molecules of CO2 and 6 molecules of H2O. During this
chemical reaction (in several steps) ATP is released (glycolysis)
o Central acid cycle within glycolysis
o Some of the ATP is used during the dissimilation of glucose
 Disaccharides or polysaccharides are broken down to monosaccharides before they
are dissimilated into H2O and CO2
 Glucose is the only sugar which can go to the brain
Fat broken down
 Hydrolysed by enzyme called lipase and then have to be emulsified so they create a
bigger surface, so it can be broken down faster
 Breaking down fats makes them much smaller so it can be absorbed more easily