BBH 315 Exam 3 Questions With Complete Solutions

Physical and cognitive changes correct answer: -Skin wrinkles and spots -Hair thins and grays -Fingernails, toenails thicken -Height decreases -Body fat increases -Muscle mass, strength decrease -Bone density decreases -Vision, hearing decline -Lung capacity declines -Sleep problems increase -Immune function declines -Sex hormones decline -Risk increases for HBP, HCL, and CVD, along with many other diseases -Cognitive function increases, stabilizes, or declines In the Lindau et al. (2007) study of adults age 57-85, the authors found that fewer than half of the middle-aged and older adults in their sample reported they engaged in sexual activity correct answer: false The most common cause of cancer deaths currently in the US in both males and females is: correct answer: lung Older adults are less likely than other age groups to be diagnosed and begin treatment for HIV correct answer: true Social support is hypothesized as one of the key factors underlying the link between social relationships and health correct answer: true Stress can induce immunosuppression in the human skin, resulting in an increased risk for melanoma, and that effect is stronger in females than in males correct answer: false The "second shift" phenomenon refers to the added stress that women experience when they spend considerably more time on unpaid household chores or caregiving, compared to men, over and above their outside work responsibilities correct answer: true Most the past studies on sex in midlife and older age have focused on heterosexual males, largely excluding females and the LGBT communities correct answer: true The notion of cancer risk reduction means that engaging in protective health behaviors (e.g., not smoking, maintaining healthy weight, getting screened) doesn't decrease a person's risk for most cancers. correct answer: false The trend of marriage losing its "market share" in the US occurs differently across SES and ethnic groups. correct answer: false Maximum bone density for both males and females occurs, on average, in your: correct answer: 30's muscle mass goes down _____ after 50 correct answer: 1-2% Changes in social relationships correct answer: -Marital status -Social support Changes in paid work: correct answer: -Employment -Retirement Changes in unpaid work correct answer: -Housework -Empty nests -Caregiving How might marital status and other social relationships be related to health in adulthood through older age? correct answer: -Sharing things with each other and having a wider network of people -Encourage each other to be healthier Social relationships correct answer: -Social relationships and enhanced health linked --Children in intact families --Married couples --Older adults with support -Health-related decision-making improved with more social relationships social relationships cont. correct answer: -Durkheim (1901): Social relationships linked with suicide -Cassel (1976): Stress linked to health via host resistance -Two factors hypothesized as particularly important --Coping capacity --Social support -Psychosocial environment, individual factors, and physiological stress mechanisms play roles in health --Marital dysfunction may cause stress and dysregulate wound healing, inflammation, immune/endocrine changes that, in turn, link to disability --Patterns may differ for women vs. men Unpaid work: Housework correct answer: -The largest gender difference in division of labor occurs in married individuals: --Partly explained by having children --Differences common in chores selected --Differences with same-sex couples --The "second-shift" phenomenon and health effects (Hochschild, 1989) --Invisible work or care work (not paid work) --Women do double than men --Second shift Unpaid work: Caregiving correct answer: -Caregiving --Providing care when one partner is chronically ill --"Sandwich" caring—for both children and older parents -Studies show both negative and positive effects of caregiving --Many caregivers feel personal satisfaction in providing care --But, up to 50% caregivers meet criteria for major depression most common cancer in females correct answer: -Breast -Lung -Colorectal most common cancer in males correct answer: -Prostate -Lung -Colorectal Sex Disparities in Cancer Incidence correct answer: -Examined incidence of 35 types of cancer from 60 countries (): --Did not include breast cancers more exclusive to females --Did not include genital cancers exclusive to males -Found that females has higher incidence of cancer in only 3 of 35 sites: thyroid, gallbladder/biliary tract, and anus -Males had higher incidence for 32 other sites: --Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were > 2.0 for 15 sites --IRR > 4.0 for 5 sites --13 sites not explained by known risk factors In their study of 35 types of cancers (not including those exclusive to males or females) across 60 countries, Edgren and collagues (2012) discovered that: correct answer: men had higher incidence rates in 32 of those cancer types "Explainable": correct answer: Differential exposures to established risk factors partly is plausible explanation for sex differences "Partly explainable": correct answer: Differential exposures to established risk factors partly explain sex differences "Enigmatic" reasons: correct answer: Differential exposures to established (genetic or environmental) risk factors do not explain sex differences Speculated Causes of cancer differences correct answer: •Sex Hormones •Environmental Factors •Physical Body Size •Genetics