art and science of nursing exam 1 with complete solution graded A+

Structural Hierarchy of Contemporary Nursing knowledge (in order of most abstract to most concrete) - Metaparadigm Philosophies Conceptual models Theories Empirical indicators Nursing's meta-paradigm defines the focus of the discipline's domain and is composed of four concepts which describe the discipline's phenomena of interest. Please name the four concepts/phenomena addressed in Nursing's meta-paradigm. - 1) Person (individuals, families, communities and other groups who participate in nursing) 2) Environment (all conditions and relationships that influence the person). 3) Health/Healing (person's state of well being; healing refers to endogenous process) 4) Nursing (definition of nursing, the goals, and actions taken by nurses on behalf of persons) Newman's three categories of nursing paradigms: - 1) Particulate-deterministic or human needs 2) Integrative-interactive 3) Unitary-transformative Integrative-interactive - humans are viewed as systems with interrelated dimensions interacting with the environment change is probabilistic. Particulate-deterministic or human needs - humans are known through parts health is the absence of diseasepredictability and control are essential for its management. Unitary-transformative - Humans are *patterned, self-organizing fields* within larger patterned, self organizing fields Change is characterized by fluctuating rhythms of organization-disorganization. Health is a reflection of continuous change. Paradigm - is a framework that reflects broad shared perspectives held by members of the discipline that influence their "world view" and serves as a significant factor in their contributions to and development of disciplinary knowledge. Theory - is an organized coherent set of concepts and their relationships to each other that offers descriptions, explanations, and predictions about phenomena. Purports to account or characterize phenomena Philosophy - is a statement about beliefs and values Grand Theory - Theories that are broad and provide a general focus, such as persons as adaptive beings. Composed of concepts and relational statements that reflect the philosophies relative to Nursing's phenomena of interest; The concepts and propositions are broad and difficult to test empirically. Carper's 4 ways of knowing: - Empirical Knowing Personal Knowing Esthetic Knowing Ethical Knowing Practice Theories - the most limited in scope, focus on specific nursing interventions and/or outcomes.Practice Theories may be derived from multiple ways of knowing and studied using empirical or interpretive methods. Middle Range Theory - These theories are specific in scope; the concepts are described in more concrete terms relative to nursing phenomena and can be empirically tested or behaviorally demonstrated