AP World History Unit 8: Cold War & Decolonization Latest 2022 Rated A

Cold War A sometimes physical but also ideological conflict between the US and the Soviet Union lasting c. . The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats and proxy wars; capitalism vs. communism Non-Alignment Movement a group of states which are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc of the Cold War; didn't want to take sides in the war; examples include: Sukarno in Indonesia and Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance of capitalist nations made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; included US, England, France, Canada, and Western European countries Warsaw Pact An alliance between the Soviet Union and other communist Eastern European nations; formed in response to NATO Proxy War a war in which the powers in conflict use third parties as substitutes instead of fighting each other directly; happened often during the Cold War including the Korean War, Angolan Civil War, and the Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua Mao Zedong () Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976; led the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution to bring economic and cultural change to Communist ChinaGreat Leap Forward economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society; resulted in famine and the deaths of more than 45 million people Cultural Revolution () Political policy in started in China by Mao Zedong to eliminate his rivals and train a new generation in the revolutionary spirit that created communist China; an attack on traditional Chinese cultural values. The Cultural Revolution resulted in beatings, terror, mass jailing, and the deaths of thousands. land redistribution a policy by which land is taken from those who own large amounts and redistributed to those who have little or none; a popular practice among Communist nations who seek to gain the support of lower class citizens who had historically been denied property ownership; occurred in China, Mexico, USSR, Vietnam, Ethiopia, White Revolution Iran White Revolution occurred in Iran in 1962, the Shah's attempt appease the Iranian citizens; called for economic and and political reforms: created land reform, profit sharing, and women's right to vote Indian National Congress A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class (high caste), and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Gandhi, appealing to the poor. Ho Chi Minh 1950s and 60s; nationalist communist leader of North Vietnam; fought against French colonization of Vietnam, used guerrilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable for the US Muslim League an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations (Pakistan and India); led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah from 1913 until creation of Pakistan in 1947